My Target IAS Hindi Movie Full Movie Torrent Download
Mirthe Luria
Soo Hyun buys a secondhand washing machine online, making her the latest target of some warped vigilante. Detective Na investigates to determine the identity of the culprit terrorizing Soo Hyun.(Source: Soompi; Kdramastars) Edit Translation
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film applicable to an absorber material in compound thin film solar cells was deposited by a single quaternary sputtering target containing four components--Cu, Zn, Sn, and S-and its material properties were investigated. A single quaternary sputtering target was fabricated by sequential powder mixing/ball milling, pressure moulding, and a sintering process. An as-fabricated pellet or sputter target sintered at 500 degrees C-700 degrees C showed relevant peaks associated with CZTS phases. However, acceptable density as a sputter target (> 90% of ideal density) was attained up to a sintering temperature of only 500 degrees C due to thermal expansion. Unlike other metallic precursor approaches, there was no volume expansion after sulfurization. The sulfurized CZTS film contained CZTS phases including some secondary phases such as SnS or SnS2 depending on the film thickness. This result was attributed to the different sputtering yields of the constituents in the sputter target. Optical E(g) decreased with increasing deposition time. The E(g) attained was 1.488 eV, well-matched to the reported CZTS data. The carrier concentration, resistivity, and mobility of the CZTS film were 1.29 x 10(17) cm(-3), 1.2 x 10(-1) omega x cm and 5.44 cm(-3) N x sec, respectively, showing suitability for absorber layer applications.
Getting performant organo-metal halide perovskite films for various application remains challenging. Here, we show the behavior of solvent and perovskite elements for four different perovskites families and nine different initial precursor solution systems in the case of the most popular preparation process which includes an anti-solvent dripping-assisted spin coating of a precursor solution and a subsequent thermal annealing. We show how the initial solution composition affects, first, the film formed by spin coating and anti-solvent dripping and, second, the processes occurring upon thermal annealing, including crystal domain evolution and the grain growth mechanism. We propose a universal typology which distinguishes three types for the growth direction of perovskite crystals: downward (Type I), upward (Type II) and lateral (Type III). The latter results in large, monolithic grains and we show that this mode must be targeted for the preparation of efficient perovskite light absorber thin films of solar cells.
The large amount of information on the perovskite films growth stages and mechanism upon thermal annealing which have been gathered in the present work have been schematically summarized in Fig. 6. We have evidenced two stages. Upon Stage-1, the crystallites combining the solvent molecules-cations-lead-halogens are thermally decomposed and the solvent molecules evaporate. By a rearrangement and recrystallization process, perovskite crystals are formed which grow in all the directions. First, our findings show that the location and density of the first seeds/crystallites formed then, and which is a consequence of the microstructure and composition of the precursor layer, will decide the subsequent steps, especially the layer growth direction as illustrated in the middle part of Fig. 6. Their concentration at the top, middle and bottom part of the layer will drive the growth in the downward, lateral, and upward directions, respectively. Moreover, their density will decide the final size of the crystals in the perovskite layer. Sparsely dispersed crystallites are targeted since it will lead to the growth of large grains which are beneficial for the final performances of the devices. Upon Stage-2, different behaviors have been found depending on the PPS composition. Our study shows that the additives govern the film formation since the early stages and have a crucial role to tune the size and composition of the precursor aggregates and initial nuclei44,56. The gradual evaporation of MACl or NH4Cl can self-regulate the perovskite crystal growth and favor a slow conversion57. In general, additives will promote the lower nucleation site density, bigger precursor crystallites, control the solubility of the precursor solutes and the composition of the crystallized intermediate phases, drive the solvent elimination speed and then the layer growth speed. During Stage-2, a transition to a directional growth of the perovskite grain occurs (Fig. 6). The direction and speed of the growth will define the final MHP layers properties.
Finally, the present comprehensive study allows us to propose a typology of the perovskite film growth based on the crystal growth direction as shown in Fig. 6. Type I is encountered when the film grows downward. If the film is dense with a rather slow growth, the type is Ia. A special case is encountered when a surface crust is formed. The inner solvent is especially difficult to eliminate then and is entrapped in the inner part of the film. Its escape leads to the formation of voids at the bottom contact interface and of pinholes (Type Ib). The second case is when the growth direction is upward (Type II). Both Type I and Type II lead to rather small grains with multiple grain boundaries. Finally, the targeted growth behavior for high device efficiency, good homogeneity and good stability is the lateral one that we name Type III. We have noted that this type was encountered when the initial as-cast layer contained the perovskite phase (FAPI/MACl sample) (Type IIIb) or not (Type IIIa). For Type III, a monolithic structure with reduced and vertically oriented grain boundaries is formed. This growth mode results in smoother layers. It favors the fast charge transfer to the contact at both MHP film side in the solar cells. The corresponding relative growth parameters are spelled out in Fig. 6 and Table 4.
For the thermal annealing, we have distinguished two stages. Upon Stage-1, solvent, in the outer film part, is eliminated. The active perovskite phase is formed by decomposition of the precursor phase, forming the initial perovskite crystallites which grow in all the space directions. During Stage-2, the perovskite grains grow in a preferential direction, and the residual solvent is eliminated. The initial composition of the intermediate is then key to regulate the grain growth speed and direction which has been tracked by how solvent is eliminated throughout the film thickness. We have proposed growth parameters indexes, namely, GI and MLU to quantify and accurately describe the differential solvent elimination between the inner and upper layer parts. They have allowed us to propose an universal new typology which distinguishes three types depending on the growth direction of perovskite crystals in thin films and which has been validated by a large number of various halide perovskite films studied: downward (Type I), upward (Type II) and lateral (Type III). The growth direction is key for the final properties of the films. Among them, the best efficiency has been always found for solar cells prepared with monolithic films resulting from a lateral growth mode. Type III growth mode must be targeted for the preparation of efficient perovskite films for solar cells.
3. Build Your Author Platform: Target is more likely to consider your book if you have a strong author platform. Create an author website, build a social media presence, and engage with your target audience. Show Target that you have a dedicated following and potential for book sales.
Nicole Kidman is the go-to actress for a certain kind of grownup movie, and she keeps proving why she gets those juicy roles. It's because she can do almost anything. She has a unique knack for letting a wide range of characters live inside her; they radiate through that translucent skin.
I am trying to create a movie website in C#. I am having issues with making the nav bar buttons at the top target and open in a new tab. This is what my nav bar code looks like. Where am I going wrong?
In the target animal safety study, hydrocortisone aceponate, miconazole and gentamicin were shown to be systemically absorbed from the ears of healthy dogs (see ANIMAL SAFETY); increased systemic absorption may be observed in inflamed ears.
aa06259810