Crac Token

[Nella Mcnairy]

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If the web application is using a strong secret, it can take a very long time to crack. You can optimize the probability of success by building custom dictionaries if you know any additional information about how the secret was generated.

As you do not know how far or close you are of the right answer, it is very hard to know how long will it take to crack it. You can get an estimate time of how long will it take to process a certain dictionary or certain rules.

As you see in this example. The only thing preventing an attacker to take over any account is the secret. If the secret is a random string (Uppercase + lowercase characteres, numbers, symbols). The only mechanism to crack it will be via brute-force or by building a custom dictionary and even with this, it can take from a few seconds to a lot of years, depending on its value.

Can it be done in theory? Yes. You can easily format the JWT's signed parts, and signature, in the format HashCat expects, tell it the algorithm, and then set it to brute-forcing the key.

Is it remotely practical? Nope. Hashcat is meant for cracking passwords, human-memorable secrets that rarely have more than a 40-50 bits of entropy (and frequently far less). That's not what you're dealing with here.

JWTs are used for machine-to-machine communication, with no need or use for a human to memorize them; as such, they are usually using cryptographically secure random keys with at least 128 bits of entropy (if they aren't, that's probably a vulnerability). Each extra bit doubles the time taken. Each ten extra bits increases the time taken by roughly 1000x. With 80+ more bits than even a good password, it will take Hashcat over 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 times as long to brute force even just a 128-bit secret key than it would a typical password.

This is actually pretty clear if you think about how JWTs work. JWTs are used all over the web, and other parts of the Internet. They're stateless, meaning the server has no idea what JWTs it has or hasn't issued before. Instead, the server relies 100% on "is this signature valid?" to tell if the JWT was minted legitimately. If an attacker can take any valid JWT (such as one that they just got for signing in), plug it into Hashcat, and get the secret key back... well, that attacker could then forge a JWT claiming to be any user or have any level of privilege, and (re-)sign it with the trusted key. The server would trust that JWT, and the entire authentication and access control protections on the server could be bypassed. This doesn't happen, which logically implies that it's not that easy.

I assume you're talking about the HS256 algorithm, which uses HMAC-SHA-256. As outlined in this answer, it is possible to use hashcat to attack HMAC-SHA-256. You'll want to specify the HMAC value using the format specified in RFC 7515, which should be the first two base64-encoded segments with their period separator.

As that question outlines, the format is MAC:message. The MAC in this case should be hex encoded, so you'll need to base64-decode the third period-separated segment, hex-encode it, and then append a colon and the the first two base64-encoded segments with their period.

However, in my experience, people tend to issue JWTs and other tokens using randomly generated secrets from a CSPRNG with 128 or more bits of entropy. If the secret was generated that way, then it will be computationally infeasible to crack it. hashcat will only be effective if the secret is easily guessable, which is not typical.

Security tokens have emerged as a popular alternative to using passwords as they add an additional layer of authentication and enhance security. They prevent the use of stolen or compromised passwords for account takeover attempts by bad actors. Further, using tokens, security teams can exercise greater control over user actions and transactions.

The tokenization market is growing rapidly and is projected to reach $5.6 billion by 20251. This swift adoption is fueled by the increasing willingness of the consumers to use tokens while making purchases. According to a recent survey, 63% of the respondents consider token-based payments secure2.

A security token may be a physical device or a piece of information that a user must input to access a desired system. A security token facilitates the flow of data between the user and the system to verify users and allow or refuse access.

Security tokens are typically used in situations where a higher level of security is required to protect sensitive information or resources. The use of a security token helps to prevent unauthorized access to a system or network, by requiring an additional layer of authentication beyond just a username and password.

Depending on their unique needs, businesses can customize their token setup with features such as password protection of data, use of biometric data along with authentication systems, and including safety features to protect data from exposure and theft. They may choose from or use a combination of the following token types:

The process of using a security token for authentication typically involves several steps. First, the user enters their username and password to access the system or resource they are trying to reach. Then, the security token generates a random code that is unique to that particular authentication session. This code is sent to the server in an encrypted form along with the user's authentication information.

The server receives the encrypted code and authentication information and processes them to verify the user's identity. If the user is authenticated, the server generates an encrypted response that contains a message indicating that the user has been authenticated. This response is sent back to the security token, which is able to decrypt the message using its own private key.

Once the security token has decrypted the message and verified that the user has been authenticated, it can then be used for repeated authentication without the need to store username and password information on the server. This helps to elevate security, as it reduces the risk of a data breach or other security incident that could compromise sensitive user information.

Use of weak and repurposed passwords make them a grave security challenge, as attackers can crack them easily. Further, forgotten passwords can lock users out of their accounts causing big problems. Security tokens are a better alternative to passwords, as they can be used as an additional layer of security (as part of multifactor authentication) and even replace passwords.

Security tokens replace sensitive financial and personal data such as identity documents and legal documents to provide better protection against data theft. They extend beyond the realm of cybersecurity and are even used across industries such as real estate, asset management, contract management etc by converting assets into their digital equivalents.

It is possible to crack a token. Each one is assigned a private key, which is held by the owner or custodian appointed by the owner. The token and number itself could be hacked, but it would take years of attempts to be successful because of the encryption methods.

While security tokens are generally considered to be a secure method of authentication, they are not completely immune to attacks. One common attack that can be used against security tokens is known as a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) attack. In a MITM attack, an attacker intercepts the communication between the security token and the server, and then attempts to manipulate or modify the data being transmitted.

To prevent these types of attacks, it is important to use security tokens that generate dynamic codes that change over time. Additionally, it is important to use strong encryption methods to protect the transmission of data between the security token and the server. It is also recommended to use multi-factor authentication (MFA) to provide an additional layer of security to authentication processes.

Overall, while security tokens are generally considered to be a secure method of authentication, it is important to be aware of the potential risks and to take steps to mitigate these risks. By following best practices for security and using the latest technologies, organizations can ensure that their authentication processes remain secure and protected against attacks.

As more and more applications use token-based authentication, it has caught the eye of the actors who crack these tokens to compromise user accounts and use them for malicious activities. Although security tokens are designed to secure data, token cracking is possible and can be done in under 15 minutes3!

There are several techniques that attackers use to crack tokens. In addition to the attack types mentioned above, bad actors exploit the cryptographic flaws to extract sensitive keys from commonly used cryptographic devices.

They also use HTTP requests and intercepting proxy tools to read the full explicit response, which is then used for token cracking. These proxy tools allow attackers to tweak their requests and change the tokens to observe how it affects the application. The commonly used intercepting proxy tools are Burp Suite and ZAP, whereas POSTMan is popular for APIs.

Token cracking can be a dangerous proposition for businesses, especially financial service providers, that would be exposed to a heightened threat of impersonation and financial crimes. It is, therefore, essential for businesses to detect early signs of token cracking and take timely corrective measures to prevent token cracking attempts.

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