Energy 3.1e Review

[Prewitt Howells]

Hydrogenproduction along with CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, and storage) are two critical areas towards decarbonization and transition to net-zero from the current fossil fuel-based energy system. Although some technical challenges and relatively high costs of these technologies are the limiting factors for their wide-scale use in the short term, the other challenge in the mass-adoption of these technologies is the lack of the hydrogen- and CO2-compatible midstream (transport, pipelines, storage, etc.) and downstream (engines, turbines, etc.) infrastructure, especially as it is related to the scale required for their wide adoption. The widespread infrastructure to support the large-scale hydrogen (H2) economy with CCUS is not expected to be ready before 2030 in any part of the world, although the social and legal obligations to decarbonize energy and other infrastructure-heavy sectors are moving much faster. The lack of compatible midstream and downstream infrastructure is limiting the large-scale utilization of H2, and captured CO2 can be partially offset by producing sustainable liquid electro-fuels (e-fuels) derived from H2 and captured CO2. The carbon-neutral liquid e-fuels derived from H2 and captured CO2 are attractive for multiple reasons, which include (i) being compatible with existing infrastructure for storage and transportation, (ii) being compatible with existing internal combustion engines in aviation, shipping, freight, etc., without requiring any modification to the engine or other equipment, (iii) being low in sulfur and being also able to be mixed with kerosene produced using fossil fuel, and (iv) huge transport market for their fossil fuel-based counterparts, with potential for greater long-term returns in view of their contribution in reducing carbon emissions from this sector. In terms of the technology readiness level and the field experience, liquid e-fuels have been produced at various pilot and industrial scales worldwide without any technical barriers. This study reviews a large number of technologies for H2 production (16 technologies), CO2 capture (7 technologies), their performance data, and the costs. Further, this study reviews the processes, including reactions, catalysts, and costs, to produce two liquid e-fuels (e-methanol and e-kerosene) that can be used as carbon-neutral alternatives to their fossil fuel-based conventional counterparts. The current and future projects for commercial production of liquid e-methanol and e-kerosene are also reviewed. Finally, the outlook and challenges to produce liquid e-fuels are discussed along with recommendations.

Harpreet Singh is a Petroleum Engineer at CNPC USA, where he is leading the projects on New Energy (CCUS, Hydrogen) and Unconventional Oil and Gas Fracturing Technologies in North America. At CNPC USA, he is also actively contributing to projects on Digital Trends in Oil and Gas Industry, and Reservoir Management and Field Development. Harpreet has 7+ years of professional working experience in the oil and gas industry and research lab. He holds MS and PhD degrees in Petroleum Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin and a bachelor's degree from the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.

Chengxi Li graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with a PhD in mechanical engineering. He researches technologies in new energy (e.g., CCUS), machine learning methods in drilling engineering, finite element analysis, and offshore wind technologies.

Dr Peng Cheng is the Vice President for CNPC USA, a global R&D center of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). He has 20+ years of engineering experience and 15+ years of Oil & Gas experience mainly focused on completions and stimulations technology. Dr Cheng holds a PhD degree in mechanical engineering from Columbia University in the City of New York, a BS and an MS degree in mechanical engineering, both from Tsinghua University in China.

Dr Xunjie Wang joined Beijing Huamei Inc., a subsidiary company of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), in 2019. He has over 20 years of experience in petroleum engineering focused on Wireline Logging and Petroleum Geology. Dr Wang holds a PhD degree in Petroleum Engineering from the Research Institute of Petroleum Exploitation and Development, CNPC, China, and an MS degree in Sedimentology from China University of Petroleum.

Dr Qing Liu is a Senior Engineer at CNPC USA, a global R&D center of China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). She holds a PhD degree in Control Theory and Control Engineering from China University of Petroleum, and an MS degree in automation engineering from Tianjin University in China. Dr Liu has 6+ years of electrical engineering experience and 10+ years of Oil & Gas experience mainly focused on Control Technology.

NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance, is important because it provides a powerful way to deduce the structures of organic molecules. In addition, the same principle is used in MRI medical imaging. Unfortunately, the physics behind NMR is extremely complicated. What follows is an attempt to provide all the information you need to understand the basic principles underlying the NMR technique.

1.3 This is how electromagnets and other cool things like generators work, but also describes how charged subatomic particles, namely electrons and protons in molecules, interact with a magnetic field and also how they interact with each other.

Now, review the above so you can recite all of the points. These form the basis of the NMR experiment. Sorry about the complicated story here, but this is important for another reason. It answers the question “How does MRI work?”, a question many of you will be asked when you become physicians.

3.1D The NMR spectrometer consists of a strong magnet in which the sample is placed. The sample is usually dissolved in solvent, then placed in a tube that is spun in the magnet. A radiofrequency generator excites the sample, and sensitive electronics detect when the energy is absorbed.

3.1E Modern NMR spectrometers operate using the principle of Fourier transform, the details of which are probably beyond the scope of this class. I just wanted you to know this was out there, but we will not be discussing it much detail because it requires an explanation of much more complex quantum mechanics.

4.2 In fact, different nuclei absorb radio frequency electromagnetic radiation at slightly different characteristic frequencies, and because of this you can determine which types of atoms are present in a molecule. More importantly, adjacent atoms with spin influence the frequency as well, so you can tell which atoms are adjacent to each other in a molecule. In other words, you can determine what functional groups are present and how they are connected to each other, i.e. the structure of an organic molecule, with NMR!

6.1 Chemically equivalent atoms are atoms in a molecule that have the same chemical environment. That is, they have the same electron density, and the same distance and connectivity relationship to all the other atoms in the molecule. This is possible largely because single bonds such as C-C bonds rotate freely at room temperature, so H atoms connected to the same rotating C atom will on average all see the same chemical environment as they rotate around (unless they are adjacent to a chiral center, but that is another story). The following examples illustrate how to identify groups of equivalent H atoms in molecules.

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1109.3A Adult changing stations: Where provided, adult changing stations shall be accessible. Where required, adult changing stations shall be accessible and shall comply with Sections 1112.4.1 through 1109.3A.1 Where Required.

1. In Assembly and mercantile occupancies, where family or assisted- use toilet or bathing rooms are required to comply with Section 1109.2.1.

2. In Group B occupancies providing educational facilities for students above the 12th grade, where an aggregate of 12 or more water closets are required to serve the classrooms and lecture halls.

3. In Group E occupancies, where a room or space used for assembly purposes requires an aggregate of six or more water closets for the room or space.

4. In highway rest stops and highway service plazas.

1109.3A.2 Adult changing stations shall be located in toilet rooms that include only one water closet and only one lavatory. Fixtures located in such rooms shall be included in determining the number of fixtures provided in an occupancy. The occupants shall have access to the required adult changing station at all times that the associated occupancy is occupied.

The adult changing station shall be located on an accessible route such that a person is not more than two stories above or below the story with the adult changing station and the path of travel to such facility shall not exceed 2000, fee (609.6 m).

1109.3A.5 Adult changing table surround walls and partitions within 2 feet (610 mm) measured horizontally from each end of the adult changing table and to a height of not less than 72 inches (1829 mm) above the floor shall have a smooth, hard, nonabsorbent surface, and except for structural elements, the materials used in such walls shall be of a type that is not adversely affected by moisture.

Where additional toilet facilities are being added, in occupancies where adult changing stations are required by 1109.3A of the Michigan Building Code, not fewer than one accessible family or assisted toilet room with an adult changing station shall be provided in accordance with Section 1109.3A of the Michigan Building Code. The adult changing station shall be permitted to be located in a single use family or assisted-use toilet room or bathing room.

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