Hi Caleb,
ns-3 mobility is using a Cartesian (X,Y,Z) coordinate system for reference. The direction is simply the angle of the velocity vector.
You can assume that moving on the X-axis is the longitude (east / west) and the Y-axis is the latitude (north/south).
When your velocity vector has a positive X it moves towards east and when it is negative it moves towards west.
Same for the Y coordinate; positive is north, negative south.
you could make different assumptions though, e.g. have the latitude on X and longitude on Y.
It's simply a conversion that you need to keep consistent in you model.
Regards,
K.