[Cambridge Compact First
Facunda Ganesh
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We present a systematic analysis of the accuracy of a series of SCANα functionals forwater, with varying fractions (α) of exact exchange, which are constructed through the adiabatic connection formula. Our results indicate that that all SCANα functionals exhibit substantial errors in the representation of the water 2-body energies. Importantly, the inclusionof exact exchange is found to have opposite effects on the ability of the SCANα functionalsto describe the interaction energies of water clusters with 2-dimensional and 3-dimensionalhydrogen-bonding arrangements. These errors are found to directly affect the ability of theSCANα functionals to describe the structure of liquid water at ambient conditions, which isinvestigated using explicit many-body models (MB-SCANα) derived from the correspondingSCANα data. In particular, it is found that all MB-SCANα models predict a more compact first hydration shell, which results in a denser liquid with a more ice-like structure. These ap-parent opposite trends can be explained by the inability of all SCANα functionals to providea balanced description of the water 2B and 3B energies at the fundamental level. The analysespresented in this study provide new insights that can guide future developments of improvedexchange-correlation functionals for water.
The standard approach in chemical and photochemical kinetics is to proceed from the kinetic scheme to the corresponding system of first-order differential equations, and then to integrate it, analytically or numerically. An equivalent integral formulation circumventing such system was recently developed on the basis of physical arguments. The mathematical basis of this ansatz is discussed here. A compact representation of the general solution of the linear first-order differential equation is also obtained.
There has been a notable surge in archaeological network research over recent decades. The increased accessibility of extensive research databases, along with advancements in computer science, has catalyzed a renewed interest in investigating archaeological networks. Francesca Fulminante contributes to this burgeoning field in her new book that examines urbanism in central Italy during the first half of the first millennium BC through a network approach.
In alignment with the preceding chapter, Chapter 3 delineates the sources of data and methodology employed in the study. The methodological tools comprise network science and geographical information systems (GIS), specifically applied to transportation networks within Latium Vetus and southern Etruria. The study draws on an extensive dataset encompassing settlements from the end of the Bronze Age to the end of the Archaic period. This knowledge of settlements emanates from numerous national and international excavations and survey initiatives conducted in the region over recent years. Meanwhile, the terrestrial and fluvial routes connecting the settlements are the outcome of schematic reconstructions and are translated into graphs suitable for statistical analysis. In the context of a network analogy, the settlements are the nodes, while the terrestrial and fluvial routes function as the edges between them, as they are the product of interactions.[4]
In Chapter 4, Fulminante applies centrality indices, such as degree, closeness, and betweenness centrality, to the transportation networks in the two regions. Using settlement size as a proxy for the central areas in the regions, Fulminante concludes that both Etruria and Latium Vetus enjoyed easy access to information and goods. However, Latium Vetus had better control over the flow of information and was better connected to the other settlements than Etruria was. The analysis of the centrality measures yields intriguing findings, notably that the Bronze Age features heightened relevance for fluvial routes compared with subsequent periods, when terrestrial routes assume greater prominence, implying that land transport played a pivotal role in shaping the development of Latin and Etruscan proto-urban centers and cities.
In Chapter 7 modeling is applied to hypothetical terrestrial infrastructure networks based on later roads to explore their creation and maintenance. Fulminante constructs three theoretical models, corresponding to different hypotheses about the dominant mechanism underlying the creation of new connections, in order to replicate the characteristic features of route networks. The modeling results suggest that a collaborative and balanced decision-making process shaped the route network in Etruria, whereas slightly unbalanced dynamics of power characterized the route network of Latium Vetus, with Rome emerging as a dominant center.
Within the framework of network analysis, transportation routes offer a fruitful terrain for investigation, offering data that can be effectively translated into graphs suitable for quantitative and statistical examination. The network analyses reveal two key findings. First, during the Bronze Age, fluvial routes played a pivotal role in intercommunal interaction and settlement location, in contrast with terrestrial routes in the subsequent Early Iron Age and later periods, which were more important in shaping proto-urban centers and later Archaic cities. Second, Latium Vetus is shown as a compact and highly connected region with a robust hierarchical structure, providing a strategic advantage over the larger yet more heterarchical Etruria. Nevertheless, the reliability of the derived network analysis results is contingent upon the quality of the integrated data. Notably, the available evidence concerning transportation infrastructure in Etruria and Latium Vetus during this period is limited. In recognition of the scarcity of archaeological data, the study attempts to compensate for this limitation by including some sites identified solely on a few sherds or literary sources. Additionally, the uneven extent of archaeological investigation in the two regions introduces a comparative complication.
Concerning production quality, the book demonstrates a commendable standard. The hardcover is aesthetically pleasing, and the inclusion of graphs and tables enhances the overall utility of the content. The GIS and network data are accessible online, facilitating the reproduction of the analyses. However, a more careful selection of essential graphs could have been advantageous, particularly given that a substantial portion of the book is dedicated to appendices. Additionally, grayscale graphs pose a challenge, as distinguishing between different shades proves to be difficult.
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