When planet Uranus was first observed in 1781, it made sensation. Back then the only known planets were the ones visible to the naked eye and known since antiquity. Uranus, too dim to be seen without optical aid, was the first such object discovered with a telescope. So, in 1789, the newly discovered chemical element Uranium was named after planet Uranus.
A few decades later new Solar System objects were discovered, Ceres in 1801 and Pallas in 1802. They are a dwarf planet and an asteroid, i.e. small objects orbiting the Sun, but at the time they were considered planets. Other chemical elements discovered a few years later, in 1803, were named after them: Cerium after Ceres and Palladium after Pallas. Neptunium, found in 1940, got the name of Neptune, discovered in 1846. It was the last chemical element with a name related to a planet.
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