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Islam in Norway

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The World's northernmost mosque, in a basement in Tromsø.
Islam by country
Allah-eser-green.png

Islam is the largest minority religion in Norway, with Muslims consisting between 2.0% and 3.4% of the population. In 2007, government statistics registered 79,068 members of Islamic congregations in Norway, about 10% more than in 2006.[1] 56% lived in the counties of Oslo and Akershus.[2] Scholarly estimates regarding the number of people of Islamic background in Norway vary between 120,000 (2005) and 163,000 (2009).[3] The vast majority have an immigrant background, withNorwegians of Pakistani descent being the most visible and well-known group.

Contents

History

Icelandic annals relate the arrival of embassies from the Muslim sultan of Tunis in Norway in the 1260s, after King Håkon Håkonsson had sent embassies to the Sultan with rich gifts. The population of Muslims in the country has not been noticeable until the latter half of the 20th century, however. Immigration from Muslim countries to Norway began late compared to other western-European countries, and didn't gather pace until the late 1960s. In 1975, labor immigration to Norway was halted, but rules for family reunification were relatively relaxed for several more years.

The number of Muslims in Norway was first registered in official statistics in 1980, when it was given as 1006. These statistics are based on membership of a registered congregation, and it is most likely that the low number is due to the fact that few Muslims were members of a mosque. Historian of religion Kari Vogt estimates that 10% of Norwegian Muslims were members of a mosque in 1980, a proportion which had increased to 70% by 1998. Being a member of a mosque was an alien concept to many immigrants from Muslim countries. In Norway, it is necessary for the mosques to register their members, because government grants to religious congregations outside the state church are based on the number of registered members. The number of registered members of mosques increased to 80,838 in 2004, but have since dropped to 72,023 in 2006. Part of the reason for the drop could be a new methodology in the compilation of statistics.[4]

In the end of the 1990s, Islam passed the Roman Catholic Church and Pentecostalism to become the largest minority religion in Norway, provided Islam is seen as one group. In 2004, the registered Muslims were members of 92 different congregations. 40 of these were based in Oslo or Akershus counties.

Population

World Islamic Mission, mosque in Oslo

Muslims in Norway are a very fragmented group, coming from many different backgrounds. Kari Vogt estimated in 2000 that there were about 500 Norwegian converts to Islam. The rest are mostly first or second generation immigrants from a number of countries. The largest immigrant communities from Muslim countries in Norway are from Pakistan, Iraq and Somalia:

Country of originNumber
Pakistan 30,134
Somalia 27,881
Iraq 21,795
Bosnia and Herzegovina 15,649
Iran 15,134
Turkey 15,003
Converts900 - 1,000[5]
(2008.[6])

An unknown, but presumably high, proportion of these immigrant populations is Muslim. In other words, the largest group of Norwegian Muslims originate in Pakistan, but no single nationality constitute as much as a quarter of the total population.

The Turkish, Pakistani and Iranian communities are quite established in Norway. 55% of Iranians have lived in Norway more than 10 years. The Iraqis are a more recent group, with 80% of the Iraqi community having arrived in the past 10 years.

In the 1990s there was a wave of asylum seekers from the Balkans. In recent years most immigrants arrive as part of family reunification.

By county

County Total population Muslim population Percent Muslim
Oslo 586,86044,5837.5%
Akershus 536,49910,3691.9%
Buskerud 257,673 8,0973.1%
Østfold 271,6627,4602.7%
Rogaland 427,947 6,5651.5%
Hordaland 477,1753,7210.7%
Vestfold 231,286 3,2761.4%
Sør-Trøndelag 290,5472,6790.9%
Telemark 168,231 2,5241.5%
Vest-Agder 170,3772,2121.2%
Hedmark 190,709 1,4380.7%
Oppland 185,2161,3490.7%
Nordland 236,271 1,0300.4%
Møre og Romsdal 251,2629820.3%
Aust-Agder 108,4998210.7%
Troms 156,4947170.4%
Nord-Trøndelag 131,5555080.3%
Sogn og Fjordane 107,0803870.3%
Finnmark 72,856 2350.3%

By region

County Total population Muslim population Percent Muslim
Eastern Norway 2,428,13679,0963.2%
Western Norway 1,263,46411,6550.9%
Trøndelag 422,1023,1870.7%
Southern Norway 278,8763,0331.0%
Northern Norway 465,6211,9820.4%
YearMuslims Percent
1980[citation needed] 1,0060.02%
1990[7] 54,0001.3%
2000[citation needed] 56,4581.3%
2010[7] 144,0003.0%
2030[7] 359,0006.3%


Congregations

The mosque of The Islamic Association of Bergen (Det Islamske Forbundet i Bergen), like most Norwegian mosques situated in a regular town house.

The first mosque in Norway was the Islamic Cultural Centre (named in English),[8] which opened in Oslo in 1974. The initiative for the mosque came from Pakistanis who were helped by the Islamic Cultural Centre which had already opened in Copenhagen in Denmark. The new mosque adhered to the deobandi branch ofSunni Islam.

Adherents of the barelwi branch, who constituted the majority of Pakistanis in Norway, soon felt the need for a mosque of their own, and opened the Central Jama'at-e Ahl-e Sunnat in 1976. This is today the second largest mosque in Norway, with over 5000 members.

As the Muslim population grew, the number of mosques also multiplied quickly. As long as the total number of Muslims was low, it was natural for many different groupings to congregate in a single mosque. But as different immigrant groupings increased in number, the wish for separate mosques for people of different nationalities, languages and sects increased. The first Shia mosque, Anjuman-e hussaini, was founded in 1975, and in the early 1980s, separated Moroccan and Turkish mosques were established.

The mosques have been important, not just as places of prayer, but also as a meeting place for members of minority groupings. Several mosques also do different forms of social work, e.g. importantly, organising the transport of deceased members back to their countries of origin for burial. The mosques are mostly situated in regular city blocks, and are not easily visible features of the cities.

By 2005, only one purpose-built mosque existed in Norway, built by the Sufi-inspired[9] Sunni Muslim World Islamic Missionin Oslo in 1995. Minhaj-ul-Quran International established its mosque and centre in 1987.[10] In 2000, this was the first Norwegian mosque to start performing the adhan - the call to prayer. Initially, the mosque received permission from GamleOslo borough to perform the adhan once a week. This was appealed to county authorities by the Progress Party. The ruling of the fylkesmann (county governor) of Oslo and Akershus stated that no permission was required for performing the adhan, leaving the mosque free to perform it at their own discretion.[11] The mosque decided to limit themselves to performing the adhan once a week.

Muslim organisations

Nor mosque at Frogner in Oslo, the mosque of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Oslo.

The most significant Muslim organisation in Norway is the Islamic Council Norway, an umbrella organisation for Muslim congregations and organisations. Other inter-congregational organisations also exist. Minhaj-ul-Quran mosque and community centre was established in Oslo in 1987.[12] In 1991, the Islamic Women's Group Norway (Islamsk Kvinnegruppe Norge) was founded, after an initiative by the Norwegian convert Nina Torgersen[citation needed]. In 1995, a Muslim Students' Society (Muslimsk Studentsamfunn) was established at the University of Oslo, with some of its officers, such as Mohammad Usman Rana, becoming important voices in the Norwegian public sphere. Founded in 2008, Islam Net is the fastest-growing Muslim organisation in Norway.

The Islamic foundation Urtehagen was established in 1991 by the Norwegian convert Trond Ali Linstad, at first running a kindergarten and youth club. In 1993, Linstad applied for the first time to establish a Muslim private school. The Labour Partygovernment of Gro Harlem Brundtland rejected the application in 1995, stating that it would be "detrimental to the integration of the children". After the Labour government was replaced by the government of Kjell Magne Bondevik of the Christian People's Party in 1997, Linstad applied again, and his application was approved in 1999. In August 2001, Urtehagen School(Urtehagen friskole) opened with 75 pupils. However, internal conflicts at the school led to its closure in the spring of 2004.[13] Plans to open a similar school inDrammen in 2006 were blocked after the new left-wing government stopped all new private schools after coming to power in 2005.[14] As of today, no Muslim schools exist in Norway.

References

  1. ^ Table 1 Members of religious and life stance communities outside the Church of Norway, by religion/life stance. Per 1.1. 2005- 2007. Numbers and per cent
  2. ^ (Norwegian) Medlemmer i trus-og livssynssamfunn utanfor Den norske kyrkja
  3. ^ (Norwegian) Islam i Norge
  4. ^ (Norwegian) Trus- og livssynssamfunn utanfor Den norske kyrkja, 2006
  5. ^ Dagsavisen - Flere nordmenn blir muslimer
  6. ^ Source: Statistics Norway
  7. ^ a b c The Future of the Global Muslim Population
  8. ^ Islamic Cultural Centre Norway
  9. ^ "Norway Muslims question focus on Breivik's sanity". AP. Fox News. April 28, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
  10. ^ Minhaj-ul-Quran mosque Norway
  11. ^ (Norwegian) Lov med bønnerop, Aftenposten, November 1, 2000
  12. ^ Website of Minhaj-ul-Quran Norway
  13. ^ (Norwegian) Full krise i Urtehagen skole i Oslo
  14. ^ (Norwegian) Full stopp for muslimskole

External links

Sources

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Anders Behring Breivik

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anders Behring Breivik
Background information
Born13 February 1979 [1]
Oslo, Norway[4]
NationalityNorwegian
ReligionChristianity (Church of Norway)[2][3]
Killings
Date22 July 2011
15:25 CEST
Location(s)Oslo and Utøya, Norway
Target(s)Norway Labour Party
Killed77
Injured 242[5]
Weapon(s)Car bomb (made using ANFO)
Ruger Mini-14 Carbine
Glock 34 pistol

Anders Behring Breivik (Norwegian pronunciation: ['andəʂ 'beːɾiŋ 'bɾæɪʋiːk][6]; born 13 February 1979)[1] is a Norwegian accused mass murderer,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] terrorist and the confessed perpetrator[15][16] of the2011 attacks in Norway. On 22 July 2011, Breivik bombed the government buildings in Oslo, which resulted in eight deaths. He then carried out a mass shooting at a camp of the Workers' Youth League (AUF) of the Labour Party on the island of Utøya where he killed 69 people, mostly teenagers.[17][18][19]

Two pairs of court-appointed psychiatrists have examined Breivik prior to his 2012 trial. In the first report Breivik was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia.[20] A second evaluation was commissioned following widespread criticism of the first report.[21] One week before the start of his trial the second psychiatric evaluation was published with the conclusion that Breivik was not psychotic during the attacks and he was not psychotic during their evaluation;[22] rather he is an extreme narcissist.[23] The trial of Anders Behring Breivik began on 16 April 2012 and closing arguments were held June 22.[24] The main issue to be decided in the trial is whether he can be given a prison sentence or, if the court finds him legally insane, he will be involuntarily sectioned to a psychiatric facility, possibly indefinitely. Contrary to popular belief, Norway's forensic psychiatric process means a psychiatric diagnosis could for Breivik mean more - rather than less - time in prison, even if he were successfully treated.[25]

Breivik's far-right[26] militant ideology is described in a compendium of texts, titled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence and distributed electronically by Breivik on the day of the attacks.[26][27][28][29] In it he lays out his worldview, which includes opposition to feminism,[30][31] Islamophobia, Zionism[26] and India's right-wing Hindu groups.[32] It also expresses support for far-right groups such as the EDL[33] and paramilitariessuch as the Scorpions.[34] It regards Islam and Marxism as the enemy, and argues for the violent annihilation of "Eurabia" and multiculturalism, and the deportation of all Muslims from Europe.[35] Breivik wrote that his mainmotive for the atrocities was to market this manifesto.[36]

Contents

Biography

Early life

Anders Behring Breivik grew up on the west side of Oslo. He lived partly with his mother in Skøyen.

Breivik was born in Oslo on 13 February 1979,[4] the son of Wenche Behring, a nurse, and Jens David Breivik, a civil economist, who worked as a diplomat for the Norwegian Embassy in London and later Paris.[37] He spent the first year of his life in London until his parents divorced when he was one year old. His father, who later married a diplomat, fought for his custody but failed. When Breivik was four, two reports were filed expressing concern about his mental health, concluding that Anders ought to be removed from parental care.[38] One psychologist in one of the reports made a note of the boy's peculiar smile, suggesting it wasn't anchored in his emotions but was rather a deliberate response to his environment.[39] Breivik lived with his mother and his half sister in the west-end of Oslo and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian Army officer.[38] His family name is Breivik, while Behring, his mother's maiden name, is his middle name and not part of the family name. His family name comes from Breivikain Hadsel, and literally means "broad vik."

Anders Breivik has criticised both of his parents for supporting the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party, and his mother for being, in his opinion, a moderate feminist. He wrote about his upbringing: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."

Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and Oslo Commerce School.[40] A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[41] Breivik chose to be confirmed into the Lutheran Church of Norway at the age of 15.[3][42]

When he reached adolescence, Breivik's behaviour was described as having become rebellious. In his early teen years he was a prolific graffiti artist, part of the hip hopcommunity in Oslo West. He took his graffiti a lot more seriously than his comrades and he was caught by the police on several occasions; however, Child Protective Services were only notified once. He was also fined on two occasions.[43] According to Breivik's mother, after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls and fined, his father stopped contact with him at age 16, in 1995.[44][43] They have not been in contact since then.[45] The opposite view is claimed by Breivik's father, that it was his son who broke off contact with him and that he would always have welcomed Anders despite his destructive activities.[46] At this age he also lost contact with his closest friends, when he was expelled from the gang.[47]

School

Breivik attended Smestad Primary School and Ris middle school in the west of Oslo, and Hartvig Nissens school and Oslo Commerce School (1995–1998). A classmate said that Breivik was perceived as an intelligent person, physically stronger than others of the same age; he took care of people who were bullied.[48]

Since adolescence, Breivik had spent much time on weight training, and started using anabolic steroids. He cared a lot about his own looks and about appearing big and strong. In his early twenties he underwent cosmetic surgery, according to friends, in the chin, nose and forehead, and was very satisfied with the result.[49]

Adulthood

Breivik was exempt from conscription to military service in the Norwegian Army and has no military training.[50] The Norwegian Defence Security Department, which conducts the vetting process, say he was deemed "unfit for service" at the mandatory conscript assessment.[51] In 1997, at age 18, he lost 2 million kr. ($369,556[52]) in the stock market.[53]

After the age of 21, Breivik was in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".[54]A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",[55] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[56]

Video games as preparation

Breivik's manifesto included writings detailing he used to play video games such as Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 and World of Warcraft to relax and for "training-simulation"[57] He further told a court in April 2012 that he trained for shooting using a holographic device while playing Call of Duty. He claimed it helped him gain target acquisition.[58]

Planning attacks

Breivik claims that he started a nine-year-plan to finance the attacks in 2002 (at age 23), founding his own computer programming business while working at the customer service company. He claims that his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he made his first million kroner at the age of 24.[59] The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[60] He then moved back to his mother's home, according to himself to save money. The first set of psychiatrists who evaluated him said in their report his mental health deteriorated at this stage and he went into a state of withdrawal and isolation.[61] His declared assets in 2007 were about NOK 630,000. (US$116,410[52]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[54] He claims that by 2008 he had about NOK two million (US$$369,556[52]) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.[59]

In May 2009 he founded a farming company under the name "Breivik Geofarm",[62] described as a farming sole proprietorship set up to cultivate vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.[63]

Also in 2009 he visited Prague in an attempt to buy illegal weapons. He was unable to obtain a weapon there, and Breivik decided to obtain weapons through legal channels in Norway instead.[64] He obtained one semi-automatic 9mm Glock 17 pistol legally by demonstrating his membership in a pistol club in the police application for a gun license, and the semi-automatic Ruger Mini-14 rifle by possessing a hunting license.[65]

Breivik had no declared income in 2009 and his assets amounted to 390,000 kroner ($72,063[52]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[54] He states that in January 2010 his funds were "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards in order to have access to funds while he continued his preparations.[59]

In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area south of Åsta in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (87 mi) northeast of Oslo,[66] the site of his farm. As he admits in his manifesto he used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing ofexplosives.[66] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[67] The newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought a small quantity of an explosive primer from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with explosives, and details a successful test detonation at a remote location on 13 June 2011.[68] He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at € 317,000 – "130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years." [sic][54]

Breivik's farmer neighbour described him as looking like a "city dweller, who wore expensive shirts and who knew nothing about rural ways". Breivik had also covered up the windows of his house. The owner of a local bar, who once worked as a profiler of passengers' body language at Oslo airport, said there was nothing unusual about Breivik, who was an occasional customer at the bar.[69]

2011 attacks

Main article: 2011 Norway attacks
Oslo city centre, shortly after Breivik's ANFO car bomb detonated
Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral the day after the attacks.

On 22 July 2011, Breivik bombed government buildings in Oslo, which resulted in eight deaths.

Within hours after the explosion he arrived at Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the unarmed adolescents present, reportedly killing 69.[19][70][71] The youngest victim was Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn of Drammen,[72] who was 14 years old.[73] Another victim was Trond Berntsen, the step-brother of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (the son of Princess Mette-Marit’s late stepfather).[74]

Breivik confessed and stated that the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover, and that the Labour Party had to "pay the price" for "letting down Norway and the Norwegian people".[75]

When an armed police SWAT unit from Oslo arrived on the island and confronted him, he surrendered without resistance.[76]After his arrest, he was held by armed police on the island, and interrogated throughout the night, before being moved to a holding cell in Oslo. On the way to his first jail meeting, Breivik's police escort was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell" or "traitor", while some used stronger words.[71][75][77]

Arrest and preparations for trial

On 25 July 2011 Breivik was charged with violating paragraph 147a of the Norwegian criminal code,[78][79] "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",[80] both acts of terrorism under Norwegian law, and ordered held for eight weeks, the first four in solitary confinement, pending further court proceedings.[18][78] The custody has been extended in subsequent hearings.[81] The indictment was ready in early March. The Director of Public Prosecutions had initially decided to censor the document to the public, leaving out the names of the victims as well as details about their slayings. Due to many reactions this decision was reversed shortly prior to its release.[82] On 30 March Borgarting Court of Appeal announced that it had scheduled the expected appeal case for 15 January 2013. It will be conducted in the same specially constructed court room where the initial criminal case will be tried.[83]

Anders Behring Breivik has been remanded at Ila Prison since his arrest. There he has at his disposal three prison cells. One where he can rest, sleep and watch DVD movies or television, a second is set up for him to use a PC without Internet connection, and in a third cell there is gym equipment that he can use. Only selected prison staff with special qualifications are allowed to work around him, and the prison management aims to not let his presence as a high-security prisoner affect any of the other inmates.[84] Subsequent to the January 2012 lifting of letters and visitors censorship for Breivik he has received a number of inquiries from private individuals,[85]and he has devoted time to writing back to like-minded people. According to one of his attorneys Breivik is curious to learn whether his manifesto has begun to take root in society. Breivik's attorneys in consultation with Breivik are considering to have some of his interlocutors called to witness during the trial.[86] Several media, both Norwegian and international, have requested interviews with Breivik. The first such was canceled by the prison administration following a background check of the journalist in question. A second interview has been agreed to by Breivik, and the prison has requested a background check to be done by the police in the country where the journalist is from. No information has been given about the media organizations in question.[87]

Psychiatric evaluation

Breivik underwent his first examination by court-appointed forensic psychiatrists in the autumn of 2011. The psychiatrists diagnosed him with paranoid schizophrenia, concluding that he had developed the disorder over time and was psychotic both when he carried out the attacks and during the observation. He was also diagnosed with abuse of non-dependence-producing substances antecedent of 22 July. The psychiatrists consequently found Breivik to be criminally insane.[88][89]

According to the report, Breivik displayed inappropriate and blunted affect and a severe lack of empathy. He spoke incoherently in neologisms and had actedcompulsively based on a universe of bizarre, grandiose and delusional thoughts. Breivik alluded himself as the future regent of Norway, master of life and death, while calling himself "inordinately loving" and "Europe's most perfect knight since WWII". He was convinced that he was a warrior in a "low intensity civil war" and had been chosen to save his people. To the psychiatrists, Breivik described plans to carry out further "executions of categories A, B and C traitors" by the thousands, themselves included, and to organise Norwegians in reservations for the purpose of selective breeding. Breivik believed himself to be the "knight Justiciar grand master" of aTemplar organisation. He was deemed to be suicidal and homicidal by the psychiatrists.[88]

According to his defence attorney, Breivik initially expressed surprise and felt insulted by the conclusions in the report. He later stated that "this provides new opportunities".[90]

The outcome of Breivik's first competency evaluation was fiercely debated in Norway by mental health experts, over the court-appointed psychiatrists' opinion and the country's definition of criminal insanity.[91][92] An extended panel of experts from the Norwegian Board of Forensic Medicine reviewed the submitted report and approved it "with no significant remarks".[93] News in the meantime emerged that the psychiatric medical staff in charge of treating prisoners at Ila Detention and Security Prison did not make any observations that suggested he suffered from either psychosis, depression or was suicidal. According to senior psychiatrist Randi Rosenqvist, who was commissioned by the prison to examine Breivik, he rather appeared to have personality disorders.[92][94][95] Counsels representing families and victims filed requests that the court order a second opinion, while the prosecuting authority and Breivik's lawyer initially did not want new experts to be appointed. On 13 January 2012, after much public pressure, the Oslo District Court ordered a second expert panel to evaluate Breivik's mental state.[96] He initially refused to cooperate with new psychiatrists.[97] He later changed his mind and in late February a new period of psychiatric observation, this time using different methods than the first period, was begun.

If the original diagnosis is upheld by the court it means that Anders Behring Breivik cannot be sentenced to prison. The prosecution may instead request that he be detained in a psychiatric hospital.[98] Medical advice will then determine whether or not the courts decide to release him at some later point. If considered a perpetual danger to society, Breivik can be kept in confinement for life.[99] Shortly after the second period of psychiatric observation prior to the trial was begun the prosecution stated that they expected that Breivik would be declared legally insane.[100][101] However, on 10 April 2012 the second psychiatric evaluation was published with the conclusion that Breivik was not psychotic during the attacks and he was not psychotic during their evaluation.[22] Instead, they diagnosed a narcissistic personality disorder.[23] Breivik expressed hope at being declared sane in a letter sent to several Norwegian newspapers shortly before his trial, writing about the prospect of being sent to a psychiatric ward he stated: "I must admit this is the worst thing that could have happened to me as it is the ultimate humiliation. To send a political activist to a mental hospital is more sadistic and evil than to kill him! It is a fate worse than death."[102]

On 8 June 2012, Professor of Psychiatry Ulrik Fredrik Malt testified in court as an expert witness, stating that he finds it unlikely that Breivik is schizophrenic. According to Malt, Breivik suffers from Asperger syndrome, Tourette syndrome, narcissistic personality disorder and possibly paranoid psychosis.[103]

Criminal trial

The criminal trial of Breivik began on 16 April 2012 in Oslo Courthouse under the jurisdiction of Oslo District Court. The appointed prosecutors are Inga Bejer Enghand Svein Holden with Geir Lippestad serving as Breivik's lead counsel for the defence. Closing arguments were held June 22.[24] The court has planned to pass sentence no later than 24 August.[104]

Post trial

As of 26 July 2012 Anders Behring Breivik had received almost 600 letters in his prison cell. Although he has a computer at his disposal he does not have access to the Internet. All correspondence from Breivik therefore must be sent on paper, and the prison authorities monitor the content. The newspaper Verdens Gang reported on 26 July 2012 that Breivik was planning to set up an organization he calls Conservative Revolutionary Movement which he envisions consisting of around 50 right-wing activists in Europe, as well as an organization for imprisoned right-wing activists. The newspaper writes that Breivik has written to, among others, Peter Mangs andBeate Zschäpe. Since the trial he has spent 8-10 hours per day writing. He has said that he wants to write three books: the first being his own account of the events on the day of the attacks, the second discussing the ideology underlying his actions, and a third on his visions for the future. He has also stated that he wants to studypolitical science during his prison sojourn.[105][106]

Politicians from several Norwegian parties have protested Breivik's activities in prison which they see as him continuing to espouse his ideology and possibly encouraging further criminal acts.[107] The prison authorities have queried the ministry of justice on whether these activities, which Breivik terms as network building, can be perceived in the context of the terrorist acts he has committed and have received an affirmative reply from the ministry. This would mean that letters from Breivik may be confiscated.[105][106] The clause which would authorize such measures contains the wording "…if the package contains information on planning or execution of punishable offense, evasion of the execution or acts which will disturb peace, order and security".[105]

On July 23, 2012 Breivik was whisked off to Skien Prison. This transfer was not pre-announced, not even to Breivik himself. The reason is reconstruction work at Ila Prison where Breivik will serve his prison sentence or be held in psychiatric care depending on the trial verdict, the latter due to a lack of adequate security at Norwegian psychiatric hospitals. It is expected that the stay in Skien will last about ten weeks.[108]

Writings and video

Forums

Janne Kristiansen, Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."[109] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[110] websitedocument.no.[111] He also attended a meeting of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website, in the fall of 2009.[112] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[113][114][115]

In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[116][117] On 25 July 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[118] EDL issued a statement on 24 July 2011 condemning the attacks, saying that "No form of terrorism can ever be justified and the taking of innocent lives can never be justified".[119]Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[120][121][122] The Norwegian newspaper Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[123] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin(Putinism), finding him "a fair and resolute leader worthy of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[124]

YouTube video

Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a thermal sports top and pointing a Ruger Mini-14.[125] He also posted a picture of himself as a Knight Templar officer in a uniform festooned with gold braid and multiple medals.[126] In the video he put an animation depicting Islam as a trojan horse in Europe.[127] Analysts describe it as promoting physical violence towards Muslims and Marxists who reside in Europe.[128]

The music in the video comes from the Age of Conan: Hyborian Adventures soundtrack and is sung by Norwegian singer Helene Bøksle. Breivik writes of Bøksle's voice that it is the perfect sound to listen to when one commits acts of martyrdom. During his trial he also testified that he uses this music, particularly the song "Ere the World Crumbles" when he meditates, as he did in preparation for his terrorist acts on 22 July 2011. The lyrics of the music is in the Old Norwegian language and comes from the Völuspá, the first and best known poem of the Poetic Edda. Bøksle said in a press release in the week following the attacks that she distanced herself from Breivik's use of the music. The music's composer, Knut Avenstroup Haugen, has done the same.[129][130]

'Manifesto'

Breivik has been linked to a document titled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence,[131] which is 1,518 pages and bearing the name "Andrew Berwick".[132][133] Breivik admitted in court that it was mostly other people's writings he had cut-and-pasted from the web.[134] The file was e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[131][135] The document describes two years of preparation of unspecified attacks, supposedly planned for autumn 2011, involving a rented Volkswagen Crafter van (small enough to not require a truck driving license) loaded with 1160 kg of ammonium nitrate/fuel oil explosive(ANFO), a Ruger Mini-14 semi-automatic rifle ("the most 'army like' rifle allowed in Norway"), a Glock 34 pistol, personal armor including a shield, caltrops, and police insignias. It also reports that Breivik spent thousands of hours on gathering email addresses from Facebook for distribution of the document, and that he rented a farm as a cover for a fake farming company buying fertilizer (3 tons for producing explosives and 3 tons of a harmless kind to avoid suspicion) and as a lab. It describes burying a crate with the armor etc. in July 2010 in the woods, and collecting it on 4 July 2011, and abandoning his plan to replace it with survival gear because he did not have a second pistol.

The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "Cultural Marxism" is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[136][137][138] Major parts of the compendium are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[139] The text also copies sections of theUnabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while exchanging the words "leftists" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".[140] The New York Timesdescribed American influences in the writings, noting that the compendium mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times and cites Spencer's works at great length.[141] The work of Bat Ye'or[142] is cited dozens of times.[143] Neoconservative blogger Pamela Geller,[144] Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst[145] andDaniel Pipes are also mentioned as sources of inspiration.[146] The manifesto further contains quotes from Thomas Jefferson and George Orwell,[147] as well as fromJeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column and Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[148] The publication speaks in admiration of Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Geert Wilders, Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[149] and Henryk M. Broder.[150] The compendium advocates a restoration of patriarchy which it claims would save European culture.[151][152]

In his writings Breivik states that he wants to see European policies on multiculturalism and immigration more similar to those of Japan and South Korea,[153] which he said are "not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best".[154] He expressed his admiration for the "monoculturalism" of Japan and for the two nations' refusal to accept refugees.[155][156] The Jerusalem Post describes his support for Israel as a “far-right Zionism”. He calls all “nationalists” to join in the struggle against “cultural Marxists/multiculturalists.”[26]

Norwegian computer security analysts are in the process of researching what appear to be hidden codes in Breivik's manifesto, including references to the GPS coordinates of several major sites throughout Europe.[157]

Benjamin R. Teitelbaum, PhD student at Brown University, said that parts of the manifesto suggest that Breivik was concerned about race, not only about Western culture or Christianity.[158]

Thomas Hegghammer of the Norwegian Defence Research Establishment has described the ideologies of Breivik as "not fitting the established categories of right-wing ideology, like white supremacism, ultranationalism or Christian fundamentalism", but more akin to macro-nationalism and a "new doctrine of civilisational war".[159]Norwegian social scientist Lars Gule characterized Breivik as a "national conservative, not a Nazi".[160]

In one section of the manifesto entitled "Battlefield Wikipedia" Breivik explains the importance of using Wikipedia as a venue for disseminating views and information to the general public,[161], although The Norwegian professor Arnulf Hagen claims that this was a document that he had copied from another author and that Breivik was unlikely to be a contributor to Wikipedia.[162] According to the leader of the Norwegian chapter of the Wikimedia Foundation an account has been identified which they believe was used by Breivik.[163] In the second day of his trial Breivik cited Wikipedia as the main source for his worldview.[164] The blogger Fjordman claims that a large part of his manifesto quoted Wikipedia and that it "probably shaped his strange and imprecise political vocabulary".[165]

In 2012 one copy of the compendium was confiscated from one of Breivik's fellow prisoners, after the Department of Justice had concluded that it is a handbook in terrorism, and that it might create antagonism between prisoners.[166]

Defence hearing

In the pre-trial hearing, February 2012, Breivik read a prepared statement demanding to be released and treated as a hero for his "pre-emptive attack against traitors" accused of planning cultural genocide. He said, "They are committing, or planning to commit, cultural destruction, of which deconstruction of the Norwegian ethnic group and deconstruction of Norwegian culture. This is the same as ethnic cleansing."[167]

Religious and political views

Islamophobia and Zionism

Breivik believes in the conspiracy theory of Eurabia, a future Europe dominated by Muslims.

Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterized by analysts as being a right-wing extremist with anti-Muslim views and a hatred of Islam,[168][169] who considered himself as a knight dedicated to stemming the tide of Muslim immigration into Europe.[170][171]

He was at first described by many in the media as a Christian fundamentalist, Christian terrorist, nationalist and right-wing extremist.[14][172][71][173][174][175] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia"[176][177][178] and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[179] The Jerusalem Post describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to Islam, and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".[26] In his writings Breivik states that "the Battle of Viennain 1683 should be celebrated as the Independence Day for all Western Europeans as it was the beginning of the end for the second Islamic wave of Jihads."[180]

Breivik blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[181] The manifesto urges the Hindu nationalists to drive Muslims out of India.[182] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe throughrepatriation.[183]

Christianity

In 2009, he wrote "Today's Protestant church is a joke. Priests in jeans who march for Palestine and churches that look like minimalist shopping centres. I am a supporter of an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic."[184] On his Facebook profile, Breivik described himself as a Christian,[116]though he is critical of the Catholic and Protestant churches, objecting to their "current suicidal path". Before the attacks, he stated an intention to attend Frogner Churchin a final "Martyr's mass".[185]

The manifesto states its author is "100 percent Christian",[3] but he is not "excessively religious"[3] and considers himself a "cultural Christian" and a "modern-day crusader".[2][3] His manifesto states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie", calls religion a crutch and a source for drawing mental strength, and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment"; regarding the term "cultural Christian" which he says means preserving European culture, he notes "It is enough that you are a Christian-agnostic or a Christian-atheist (an atheist who wants to preserve at least the basics of the European Christian cultural legacy...)"[175][2] Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."[2][186] Nevertheless, he stated that he planned to pray to God seeking for his help during his attacks.[187]

Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI for his dialogue with Islam: "Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope." It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a "Great Christian Congress" would set up a new European Church.[188] He has also condemned Christian missionary activity in India as it would lead to the "total destruction of the Hindu faith and culture", and he expresses support for the Hindutva movement against Indian Communist movements.[189]

American Christian press has also highlighted that Breivik appears to have addressed followers of the Neopagan religion of Odinism in his writ. In regards to them, he says, "even Odinists can fight with us or by our side as brothers" in the Knights Templar organization of which Breivik claims to be a founding member. He later says to reject Odinism, saying that the Thor's Hammer cannot unify the people of Europe, but that the Christian cross will.[190]

Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist".[71][191][192][193]Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[188][194] Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of blasphemy for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.[2][195]

Links to organizations

Oslo Shooting Club

Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and since 2010. According to the club, which has banned him for life after the attacks, Breivik had taken part in 13 organised training sessions and one competition since June 2010.[196] The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons.[197]

Freemasons

At the time of the attacks Breivik was a member of the Lodge of St. Olaf at the Three Columns in Oslo[198] and had displayed photographs of himself in partial Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile.[199][200] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership, Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons, Ivar A. Skaar issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[201][202] According to the Lodge records, Breivik took part in a total of four meetings between his initiation in February 2007 and his exclusion from the order – one each to receive the first, second and third degree, and one other meeting.[203] The Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasonry points out that while he was a member of the Order his actions show that Breivik is in no way a Mason.[203] His manifesto said that he took three degrees of Freemasonry and commended them as "keepers of cultural heritage" while also criticising it for being “not in any way political.”[204] The Norwegian Order of Freemasons said that during the four and a half years he was a member he only took part in four meetings and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.[205]

Progress Party

Breivik became a member of the conservative-liberal Progress Party (FrP) in 1999. He paid his membership dues for the last time in 2004, and was removed from the membership lists in 2006. He then actively withdrew from the party in 2007.

During his time in the Progress Party, he held two positions in the Progress Party's youth organisation FpU: he was the chair of the local Vest Oslo branch from January to October 2002, and a member of the board of the same branch from October 2002 till November 2004.[206][207][208] The chaiman of the Progress Party Youth Organisation (main organisation) believed that Breivik left the party after his view became more extreme. The Progress Party has reduction of immigration to Norway as a part of its political platform.

After the attack, the Progress Party immediately distanced itself from both Breivik's actions and his ideas.[209]

English Defence League (EDL)

Breivik claimed he had contact with the English Defence League (EDL).[120] He allegedly had extensive links with senior EDL members[210] and wrote that he attended an EDL demonstration in Bradford.[211] On 26 July 2011, EDL leader Tommy Robinson denounced Breivik and his attacks and has denied any official links with him.[119]

On 31 July 2011, Interpol asked Maltese police to investigate Paul Ray, a former EDL member who blogs under the name "Lionheart". Ray conceded that he may have been an inspiration for Breivik, but deplored his actions.[212][213]

Norwegian Defence League (NDL)

In an online discussion on the Norwegian website Document.no on 6 December 2009, Breivik proposes to establish a Norwegian version of the EDL. Breivik saw this as the only way to stop left-wing radical groups like Blitz and SOS Rasisme from "harassing" Norwegian cultural conservatives.[214] Following the establishment of theNorwegian Defence League (NDL) in 2010, Breivik indeed became a member of this organization under the pseudonym "Sigurd Jorsalfar".[215] Former head of the NDL, Lena Andreassen, claims that Breivik was ejected from the organization when she took over as leader in March 2011 because he was too extreme.[216] The NDL had held a rally in Oslo in April 2011, but it failed to gather more than a dozen supporters.[217]

Knights Templar

In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order", which he calls the new Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici (PCCTS, Knights Templar).[218] According to Breivik, the order was established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian (apparently Breivik), and a Serb (supposedly the initiator, not present, but represented by Breivik). The compendium gives a "2008 estimate" that there are between 15 and 80 "Justiciar Knights" in Western Europe, and an unknown number of civilian members, and Breivik expects the order to take political and military control of Western Europe.[219]

Breivik gives his own code name in the organization as Sigurd and that of his assigned "mentor" as Richard, after the twelfth-century crusaders and kings Sigurd Jorsalfar of Norway and Richard the Lionheart of England.[220] He calls himself a one-man cell of this organization, and claims that the group has several other cells in Western countries, including two more in Norway.[80] On 2 August 2011 Breivik offered to provide information about these cells, but on unrealistic preconditions.[221]

After an intense investigation assisted internationally by several security agencies, the Norwegian police have not found a single piece of evidence that a PCCTS network existed, or that the alleged 2002 London meeting ever took place. The police now view Breivik's claim as a figment of imagination in light of his schizophrenia diagnosis, and are increasingly confident that he had no accessories. The perpetrator still insists he belongs to an order and that his one-man cell was "activated" by another clandestine cell.[222]

Writing influences

Breivik has identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, the Freedom Party of Austria,[223][224] Hindu nationalism(Hindutva),[225] the right-wing Swiss People's Party,[226] Winston Churchill,[227] Max Manus,[191][227] Robert Spencer,[228] former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso,[156] Patrick Buchanan,[151] Ayaan Hirsi Ali,[229] Radovan Karadžić,[230] Srđa Trifković,[231] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders, whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could "truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture." Wilders, however, quickly distanced himself from Breivik and denounced him as "violent and sick".[232] On Twitter, he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[66][233]

According to Belarusian opposition figure Mikhail Reshetnikov[citation needed], Anders Breivik underwent paramilitary training in a camp organized by retired KGBcolonel Valery Lunev. According to Reshetnikov, Breivik visited Belarus three times and had lasting connections with the country. According to official data, however, Breivik visited Belarus only once, as a tourist in 2005.[234] Norwegian prosecuting authorities claim that Breivik went to Belarus to meet a woman he had met on a dating website. This woman later visited him in Oslo.[235]

Breivik has frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.[236] He used Fjordman's thinking to justify his actions, citing him 111 times in the manifesto.[237] He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian Keith Windschuttle in the manifesto 2083, as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.[238] He expressed admiration for historical military leaders such as Charles Martel, Richard Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad III the Impaler, Jacques de Molay,Nicholas I of Russia, and John III Sobieski.[239] In his manifest he copies 25 pages verbatim from an ideological text by Evans Kohlmann and published by an institute led by Magnus Ranstorp.[240]

After studying several terrorist groups, including IRA, ETA and others, Breivik suggests far-right militants should adopt al-Qaeda's methods, learn from their success, and avoid their mistakes.[241][242] Breivik described al-Qaeda as the "most successful revolutionary force in the world" and praised their "cult of martyrdom".[164]

Cultural portrayals

In January 2012 the Danish theatre Café Teatret announced that it was staging a play based on the manifesto. The play, named Manifesto 2083 was planned to be performed over three weeks in August 2012. Relatives of the victims of Breivik's actions as well as Danish politicians have criticized the plans of the theatre.[243] In February 2012 the Norwegian Dramatikkens Hus announced it too will be staging the Danish play based on 2083: A European Declaration of Independence.[244]However, three weeks into Breivik's criminal trial the producer of the play, Christian Lollike, announced that the play has been postponed indefinitely. Lollike cited the ongoing trial as the reason for the decision in that much of what was intended to be discussed in the play has been illuminated through the trial proceedings: "Of course, if we feel that we have nothing interesting to say in relation to this case we will drop the performance."[245]

Another play was premiered in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, on March 22. The play Breivik meets Wilders (Dutch: Breivik ontmoet Wilders) depicts a fictional meeting between Anders Behring Breivik and Dutch far-right lawmaker Geert Wilders at London's Heathrow airport in March 2010.[246] The play, running at Amsterdam's De Balie theatre is written by playwright Theodor Holman who one week ahead of the premiere had stated "I feel a kinship with Anders Breivik."[247]Other plays are currently under development in Sweden and the UK.[248]

The German clothing chain Thor Steinar, which names all its shops for Norwegian towns, has had two stores named Brevik, for the Norwegian town Brevik inTelemark. The first closed in 2008, and a new one opened in Chemnitz in February 2012. The similarity of the name Brevik to Breivik's name led to public outcry when the new Brevik store opened.[249][250]

Russian nu metal band Slot included a song titled "Breivik show" (Russian: Брейвик-шоу) on their album F5.[251]

See also

References

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