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Size and scale issues present a complexity problem in visualizing detailed 3D models built from sensor data. A model of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa, with its thin pictorial layer, illustrates the need for intuitive real-time processing tools that are seamlessly integrated with a multiresolution visualization environment.
One of the most important aspects of addressing the issue of climate change is to assess the current situation objectively and accurately. In this regard, the development of remote sensing technology[2] in space has made it possible to visualize the current status of events occurring on Earth and changes related to climate change, and to digitize and handle objective data related to these events. There are also high expectations that further technological advances will make it easier to respond to outbreaks of new infectious diseases caused by climate change and to control migrations of climate refugees. The following discusses the current state of development of such technologies and their potential.[3]
In space, many observation satellites equipped with optical and radio sensors are currently orbiting the Earth and collecting information on various aspects of its environment. These include information on sea surface temperatures, atmospheric substances, precipitation conditions, sea surface wind speeds, soil moisture, etc. These data are expected to be utilized in various fields as three-dimensional spatial information, wavelength information such as electromagnetic waves, and information on changes over time. In fact, in 1992, the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) was put into action with the aim of collecting and providing all users with the observation data and information necessary to solve various climate-related problems. Japan has also been actively involved in GCOS with its comprehensive observation system to detect and monitor the effects of climate change. In particular, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which has developed and operates the observation satellites "SHIKISAI," "SHIZUKU," and "IBUKI," has made a significant contribution to the measurement of the Essential Climate Variable (ECV) of the GCOS by observing global climate change from space using various sensors. Through these efforts, it is possible to clarify phenomena that cannot be confirmed through visual observation or imagery alone by converting land, sea, and air conditions on the Earth into data, and by organically combining various external data and conducting complex analysis.[4] Such advanced technologies and new analytical methods are also expected to make a significant contribution to mitigation and adaptation to the effects of climate change in the future.
In terms of security, there is a growing movement to visualize military events and activities on Earth from space. Information from observation satellites can be used to understand conditions on the ground that cannot be discerned through the visual inspection of maps and layers to determine the specific conditions of human and vehicular activities, and to predict the preliminary stages of crises. There are great expectations for the utilization of such data for strategic information and operational use. In particular, the use of high-resolution three-dimensional information from optical satellites makes it possible to accurately and in detail understand the actual movements and activities of ground troops and equipment, while taking into account changes over time. During the recent invasion of Ukraine, commercial satellite imagery provided by Maxar Technologies and others was an important part of the big data for intelligence. They were comprehensively and centrally processed together with the high-speed, low-latency broadband internet service "Starlink", Radio Frequency (RF) signals and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) information, as well as image data taken by smart phones and other devices in faraway places and near the battlefield. This is because remote sensing satellite information was combined with other non-combat information in a comprehensive manner and played a role in visualizing the entire battlefield through a bird's eye view of the entire battle area.
In Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has taken a proactive stance in addressing the effects of climate change by publishing a report titled "Climate Change and Security Impact Assessment."[5] Within NATO, military satellites and commercial satellites are being combined to track the effects of climate change, such as ocean warming and desertification, with a common space asset, in conjunction with efforts to improve the ability to monitor conditions on the ground and at sea. This NATO initiative will not only monitor the occurrence of large-scale disturbances and disorder in the region, but also predict the migration trends of people displaced by the effects of climate change, paving the way for the use of satellite observation data as dual-use information. The data will be used for both military and civilian purposes.[6] Modeling and forecasting of these data is expected to be conducted by the newly established Canadian Center of Excellence (COE) on Climate Change and Security.[7] The U.S. military is also considering and preparing to actively utilize advanced observation satellite sensors and low-cost weather satellites as part of adapting its forces to the effects of climate change.[8]
In the future, in addition to these various satellite data, various data collected from land, sea, and air information assets will be integrated and processed through a combination of information and communication technology (ICT), artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and other technologies characterized by high speeds, large capacity, and multiple connections, to generate new real-time information with high added value. This will mean qualitative improvements in intelligence. In addition, if information sharing among satellites becomes smoother through the use of lasers, the convenience of analyzing data on the ground will be greatly enhanced by edge computing,[9] which saves time and effort in processing large-scale space data on the ground.[10]
As the missions and roles of the military expand with the diversification and globalization of threats, space systems will be used to improve security and military alert monitoring capabilities and to visualize the current and future global issues such as climate change through data analysis.[11] Furthermore, the digitization of such data and the creationof a database for the entire area to be monitored, copying the reality on a virtual space, will realize a digital twinning of the operational domains[12] This means that an environment will be created in which various trials and verifications can be conducted regarding the assessment, mitigation, and adaptation to climate change impacts, in addition to demonstrating the effectiveness of operational planning and the capabilities and suitability of future equipment through the modeling and simulation[13] of critical issues in a digital twinned virtual space. As the military becomes increasingly involved in adapting to and mitigating the effects of climate change, it will be necessary for it to use the data collected and digitized by space assets to efficiently and effectively carry out its dual missions of coping with the effects of climate change and conducting vigilance monitoring from space. The military will move in the direction of efficient and effective dual-use missions of coping with the effects of climate change and vigilance monitoring from space, using data consolidated and digitized by space assets.
Furthermore, if it is possible to continuously detect changes in digital information obtained by observation satellites through AI deep learning and utilize it to predict future trends, it would be a powerful tool to support efforts to accurately predict changes in the global environment due to climate change from the perspective of risk management. It would also enable policymakers to take the initiative in protecting lives and property and preserving biodiversity. In addition, from the perspective of military adaptation to climate change, it would accelerate the use of TTX (Table Top Exercises) and war games (simulation analysis) related to multi-domain operations that organically combine the traditional domains of combat (land, sea, and air) and new domains (space and cyber domains). This would eliminate duplication of valuable space assets and enable the reallocation of national resources to other important domains to effectively maximize the utilization of national space system resources.
Climate and weather affect all sectors of society at regional to local scales. However, the paucity of long-term observations in many parts of the globe provides a constraint on the utilization of data for applied use and scientific research. To address the need for place-based data, a number of operational gridded climate and meteorological datasets have been created (Daly et al. 1994; Mitchell et al. 2004; Abatzoglou 2013; Thornton et al. 2014; Oyler et al. 2015), in addition to remote sensing datasets that are freely available and are being increasingly used. However, the accessibility of these data to researchers, decision-makers, and the general public are limited because of challenges related to computational requirements, data storage, and software needed to work with large volumes of data.
Recognizing these limitations, recent web applications have focused on providing on-demand and dynamic visualization, extraction, and processing of precomputed data (Berrick et al. 2009; Eberle et al. 2013; Teng et al. 2016). New computing technologies, where massively parallel processors are collocated with data collections, allow for on-demand and on-the-fly generation of custom data products and visualization, thereby avoiding many limitations of the past (Moore and Hansen 2011; Baumann et al. 2016; Yang et al. 2017). The development of a cloud-computing web application for on-demand processing and visualizing climate and remote sensing data is motivated by current web application limitations, and by climate and natural resource scientist and manager needs related to drought, ecology, and agriculture that can be addressed through advanced processing and visualization of Earth observation archives.
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