Review by the Government Information Office (GIO) publication
Taiwan Today. of March 31, 201
Mapping Taiwan: A journey through history
Dutch historian
Francois Valentyn’s map of 1724, replete with depth markings between Taiwan and
mainland China, accentuates the strategic value of the strait. (Courtesy of SMC
Publishing Inc.)
- Publication Date:03/31/2012
- Source: Taiwan Today
- By Kwangyin Liu
Taiwan may be Asia’s most
vibrant democracy, but this lofty status masks a colonial past that continues to
impact local society and the identity of the people. For Jerome F. Keating, a
U.S.-born academic, documenting the island’s history through the cartographic
lens is a labor of love that has finally reached fruition.
In “
The Mapping of Taiwan: Desired Economies, Coveted
Geographies,” Keating tells a tale of imperial and mercantile ambition
using a collection of antique maps supplied by Taipei-based SMC Publishing Inc.
According to the retired history professor at National Taipei University,
his book’s tagline, “a story within many stories,” succinctly sums up Taiwan
over the years as its significance ebbed and flowed depending on which foreign
power sought its resources.
“Taiwan has always been an island en route of
the ambitions of others,” Keating said. “Even though it was insignificant, even
thoroughly neglected at first, it emerged as a crucial player centuries later in
Asia’s colonial history.”
Keating, who came to Taiwan from Dallas, Texas, in
1988 on contract with Taipei Mass Rapid Transit Corp., quickly fell in love with
the island and has called it home ever since. A recognized Taiwan advocate and
political commentator, he readily admits to facing a steep learning curve during
his early days in country.
“At that time, I only knew in the U.S. that
everything was made in Taiwan. I was expecting to find an island of factories,”
he said.
It was only after extensive research that Keating discovered how
Taiwan’s fate is intertwined with its colonial past.
Keating believes that
the ball got rolling for Taiwan in the 16th century when “everybody was here for
the business.” Growing demand for spices in Europe launched one empire after
another; the most notable being the Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish. Explorers
from these countries set sail on epic maritime expeditions in search of new
sources of production, and international trade and colonialism flourished for
centuries to come.
Possessing limited knowledge of the new world, early
attempts by European cartographers to map Southeast Asia often saw the size of
the Spice Islands, such as Java and Sumatra, exaggerated. Taiwan was frequently
drawn out of position and incorrectly portrayed as a rectangular land mass,
sickle-shaped half-island or cluster of islets.
Keating said that despite
Taiwan not being part of the spice trade, it was situated at the crossroads of
regional trade lanes and soon featured on the maps of European powers. It became
slightly better known after a crew of Portuguese sailors traveling from Macau to
Japan in the 1540s described it as “ilha Formosa” or beautiful island, he added.
Although the name caught on, and is still popular in the 21st century,
Taiwan continued being misrepresented on maps of the day, Keating said. “But
this changed after European powers realized what the island had to offer.”
Jerome
F. Keating believes maps are valuable documents offering unique insights into
the historical development of a region. (Courtesy of Jerome F.
Keating)In the early 16th century, as the Dutch pushed into Asia,
Taiwan began occupying a more prominent position on the world map. Charts by
Dutch cartographers throughout the 17th century began accurately showing the
island’s location and features, reflecting its importance and growing European
knowledge of the region.
Some maps are testimony to Taiwan’s strategic
importance. Dutch cartographer Francois Valentyn’s 1724 chart depicts Formosa
and the Pescadores, known today as Penghu Islands—a 126.9-square kilometer
archipelago of 64 islets situated about 50 kilometers west of Taiwan
proper—replete with depth markings from the coast of China.
“Since Taiwan’s
major ports were dotted along its western coastline, many believed that whoever
controlled the Pescadores controlled Taiwan,” Keating said.
By the mid-19th
century, European merchants had reason and means to expand their presence in
East Asia. The Industrial Revolution, which helped spur consumerism, made it
possible to build steam ships that could quickly bring goods such as porcelain
and spices back to Europe in greater quantities than ever before.
The
popularity of these products saw China and Japan forced to open their ports for
international trade—a development leading to Taiwan’s rise in prominence on maps
commissioned by the Western powers. For the first time, these charts took on
greater sophistication, accurately listing features including mountains and
their heights, names of rivers and major harbors.
But Taiwan was still an
afterthought during this period, Keating said, adding that this soon changed
when demand for camphor and tea—two items later produced in large quantities on
the island—started ramping up in the West.
After Japan assumed control of
the island in 1895, more detailed maps were made as the rising world power set
about creating a model colony. “Taiwan was desired both for its economic appeal
and also as a symbolic step in Japan’s coming of age in the global community,”
Keating said.
Following Japan’s defeat in World War II, Taiwan came under
ROC control and developed into a distinctive ethnic Chinese society powered by a
robust economy. “With the colonial past becoming a part of history,” Keating
said, “the time is ripe for the people of Taiwan to map their land and control
their own economy.”
Overcoming the cartographical aspect of this challenge
is simple enough given the prevalence of satellites and GPS technology, he said.
“Yet the task of charting Taiwan goes beyond producing accurate and realistic
maps.”
Taiwan’s strategic location between mainland China and Japan has
often led Western nations into perceiving it as little more than a stepping
stone for greater trade opportunities, he said.
Keating sees this attitude
as contributing to the island’s inability to clarify its position in regional
politics and the economy, as well as its failure to cement relationships with
neighbors and reconcile persisting tensions among different ethnic groups within
society.
“This is especially true when it comes to the indigenous
population, as they have always been underrepresented, if not ignored,” he said.
“Taiwan’s future and its economy are for the first time in its history in
the hands of its own citizens,” Keating said. “If the people can continue to
exercise control and create a clearly Taiwanese community and geography, there
is no reason why they cannot map their future history.” (JSM)
Write to
Kwangyin Liu at
kwangy...@mail.gio.gov.tw