Cobra (Japanese: コブラ, Hepburn: Kobura) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Buichi Terasawa. Set in the far future, the series tells the story of Cobra, who lives an adventurous life until his enemies begin to hunt him down. Cobra surgically alters his face and erases his own memory to hide from his foes and have a normal life. Eventually, he regains his memories and reunites with his former partner Lady Armaroid. Terasawa devised it as a mix of Spaghetti Western and samurai stories, and aspects of films, varying from James Bond to Disney.
In the United States, portions of the manga were published by Viz Media in 1990 and the complete sequel series, alongside full-color remakes of select story arcs from the original manga, was published in Kindle format by Creek & River in 2015. The feature film was licensed by Tara for its release in American theaters and by Manga Entertainment in British theaters in 1995. Urban Vision and Discotek Media released it for home video market, while Madman Entertainment acquired it for the Australasian region's release. The anime series was licensed in North America by Nozomi Entertainment and Discotek Media.
In Japan, the Cobra manga has sold 50 million copies, making it one of Weekly Shōnen Jump's best-selling manga series of all time. Publications for manga, anime and other media have compared the series to Star Wars and Barbarella, and the main character's attitude to James Bond. Its film adaptation received mixed reviews, and the original anime series as well as Cobra the Animation has been well received by reviewers. The anime series was very popular in France in the 1980s and French-speaking filmmakers and studios have attempted to adapt it into live-action films or animated series in the 2000s and in the 2010s.
In his dream, however, Johnson instead becomes "Cobra", an adventurer who explores space with his android partner Lady Armaroid. Cobra wields the Psychogun, a cybernetic arm-laser gun, to fight monsters and the Pirate Guild, an organized crime syndicate of pirates. After a battle with the Guild, Cobra allows its leader Captain Vaiken to escape. Vaiken distributes Cobra's picture to other pirates, making him a wanted man. After the dream ends, Johnson describes the fantasy to an attendant, who is surprised because Johnson's dream should not have any reference to pirates or to Cobra.
On his way back home, Johnson crashes into a speeding car whose driver looks like Captain Vaiken. When Johnson mentions the resemblance, the driver reveals himself as Vaiken. He asks Johnson about "Cobra" and threatens to kill Johnson if he does not answer. Johnson unconsciously lifts his arm and a ray shoots out of his hand, killing Vaiken. The shot explodes Johnson's arm, revealing the Psychogun embedded in it.
Johnson rushes home, where Ben notices the weapon on his arm. Johnson then realizes that he remembers nothing from before the last three years. After looking into a mirror, he finds a knob and turns it to reveal a secret room. There, he finds the revolver which he used in his dream. At that moment, armed intruders break into the house and address him as "Cobra". A battle ensues, and Ben's robot shell breaks to reveal Lady Armaroid, with whom Johnson kills the intruders.
Johnson starts to remember his previous existence as Cobra. Hunted by the Pirate Guild for meddling in their criminal enterprises and tired of life on the run, Cobra surgically altered his face and had his memories erased. Lady Armaroid tells Cobra that the Trip Movie has triggered his subconscious to regain access to the memories of his former life. Cobra and Lady Armadroid resume their adventurous life together.
Cobra is Buichi Terasawa's debut manga series. Previously he had written and illustrated between twenty and thirty science-fiction shōjo (targeted towards girls) short stories for manga contests held by manga magazines, with one of them earning an honorable mention. Terasawa created Cobra by combining the Spaghetti Western subgenre and Japanese stories featuring a "wandering swordsman".[4]
Terasawa wanted to create a hero who would be able to carry a concealed weapon and then the Psychogun was created before the titular character.[5] His concept of a hero has been greatly influenced by "spaghetti westerns with a James Bond-type spin to them."[4] Also from Bond series came the concept of several women who circulate around Cobra.[6] For Cobra, he also drew inspiration from the French actor Jean-Paul Belmondo and his "phlegmatic style", specifically from his characters on Breathless (1960) and That Man from Rio (1964).[2][7] The then rising actresses Dominique Sanda and Catherine Deneuve also inspired the names of the Royal Sisters.[2] One of Cobra's main enemies, Crystal Bowie, was named as a tribute to English musician David Bowie.[8]
In general, Terasawa has been influenced by films, including Star Trek, Ren Laloux's animations,[2] the James Bond film series, Akira Kurosawa's films, and Disney films prior to The Little Mermaid (1989). For example, Jane Fonda's performance in the cult science-fiction film Barbarella (1968) served as a direct model for his character Jane, whose hairstyle was also inspired by Princess Aurora's in the Disney animated film Sleeping Beauty (1959). For his storytelling, panel layout, and narrative pacing in general, he draws influence from manga artist Osamu Tezuka, who mentored him.[4] Terasawa declared, "Without him, ... Cobra would never have existed.[7]
The manga series was only partially released in the United States by Viz Communications in 1990 in a series of twelve books.[15] This English-language publication covered the origin story and the Royal Sisters' saga, with dialogue adapted by the American comic book writer Marv Wolfman and published under Viz Communications' Viz Select Comics line.[16] In 2015, Creek & River released the complete full-color CG sequel series alongside full-color CG remakes of select story arcs from the original manga in the US in a 15-volume full-color Kindle edition.[17] The complete manga was printed in several other countries. In France, the manga was first published by Dynamic Visions,[18] and later reprinted by Taifu Comics.[19] Its first volume was released in the 1990s Brazil by Dealer, being one of the first manga to be published in the country.[20] The manga was also published in Italy by Play Press,[21] in Taiwan by Tong Li, in Hong Kong by Culturecom, and in Thailand by Vibulkij.[18]
The seinen manga magazine Super Jump published several Cobra sequel or spin-off series. The first was titled Cobra: Legend of the Holy Knight,[Jp 6] which was serialized in 1986 in a special issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump. It was then published in a single tankōbon by Shueisha in 1988 under the magazine's Jump Comics Deluxe line.[27] Space Adventure Cobra: The Psychogun,[Jp 7] a fully colored "computer graphics" manga, was serialized in Super Jump in 1995.[27] A "computer graphics" sequel called Space Adventure Cobra: Magic Doll[Jp 8] was serialized in Super Jump from 2000 to 2002.[27][28] Along with several other series serialized in Super Jump, they were published from 1995 to 2002 in Jump Comics Deluxe under the title Space Adventure Cobra.[27]
Tokyo Movie Shinsha adapted the manga into a film titled Space Adventure Cobra, which was released on July 23, 1982, in Japan.[37] It was directed by Osamu Dezaki, with screenplay by Terasawa and Haruya Yamazaki, and retold the Cobra involvement with the Royal Sisters, and his fight against Crystal Bowie.[15] Manga Entertainment released the film in British theaters in 1995.[38] An American dub was created by Carl Macek's Streamline Pictures,[15] and was released in American theaters also in 1995, by Tara,[39] and was later distributed by Urban Vision on VHS format in 1998.[40] The film was later released on DVD in the Australasian region by Madman Entertainment in 2007,[41] in the UK by Manga Entertainment in 2008,[42] and on DVD (in 2012) and Blu-ray (in 2015) by Discotek Media in the US.[43][44]
Cobra was adapted into an anime series titled Space Cobra directed by Dezaki and Yoshio Takeuchi that aired on Fuji Television between October 7, 1982, and May 19, 1983.[45] The scenario writers were Haruya Yamazaki, Kosuke Miki, and Kenji Terada.[45] Terasawa himself participated in weekly meetings to discuss the screenplays, giving his suggestions to the writers to fix what was wrong or rewriting the screenplay himself.[6] The episodes were released in eight DVDs and a DVD box set on October 25, 2000 by Digital Site in Japan.[46] The series was released in North America by Nozomi Entertainment in two parts;[47] the first was released on March 4, 2014,[48] and the second one is available since May 6, 2014.[49] In November 2015, the series was added to the Crunchyroll streaming service to be broadcast in the United States and Canada with English substitles.[50] In June 2020, Discotek Media licensed the anime series and was released on Blu-ray with a new experimental English dub for the first two episodes on September 29, 2020.[51][52]
Cobra was adapted into two OVAs and a television series that were created by Guild Project and animated by Magic Bus under the Cobra the Animation line for the series' 30th anniversary.[53] The first of the series was The Psychogun, which was released direct-to-DVD between August 29, 2008, and February 27, 2009. It was written, storyboarded, and directed by Terasawa.[54] Its sequel OVA, Time Drive, was released between April 24, 2009, and June 26, 2009. It was co-directed by Terasawa and Kenichi Maejima, and co-written by Terasawa and Mitsuyo Suenaga.[55] Both OVA series were later released in Blu-ray box set on February 19, 2010.[46] The anime television series Rokunin no Yūshi, directed by Keizo Shimizu, aired on BS 11 between January 2, 2010 and March 27, 2010.[56] Crunchyroll streamed the first OVA series between December 18, 2009 to on January 8, 2010.[3][57] The two episodes of Time Drive were uploaded on January 1, 2008,[58][59] and Rokunin no Yūshi was simulcasted as it aired in Japan.[60] In April 2016 during the Anime Boston the anime television and the OVAs were licensed by Sentai Filmworks to be released in North America through digital outlets and in the home video market.[61][62]
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