Atlas Tierra Media Pdf 12
Niki Wienberg
El Atlas de la Tierra Media es una detallada obra cartográfica de la ensayista y geógrafa estadounidense Karen Wynn Fonstad, que compuso un completo atlas del universo ficticio creado por el escritor británico J. R. R. Tolkien como ambientación de las historias de su legendarium.
Los mapas se tratan como si fueran paisajes reales, dibujados de acuerdo a las reglas y convenciones de un atlas real. Para cada zona se toma en cuenta la historia del terreno, física y política, así como la geografía a una mayor escala, a partir de la que se trazan los mapas. Las completas anotaciones textuales versan sobre la posible historia geológica y geomorfológica de las formaciones singulares, y sobre puntos contradictorios entre las distintas fuentes primarias de Tolkien.
The Atlas of Middle-earth by Karen Wynn Fonstad is an atlas of J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional realm of Middle-earth.[1][2] It was published in 1981, following Tolkien's major works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. It provides many maps at different levels of detail, from whole lands to cities and individual buildings, and of major events like the Battle of the Pelennor Fields. The maps are grouped by period, namely the First, Second, and Third Ages of Middle-earth, with chapters on The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. A final chapter looks at geographic themes such as climate, vegetation, population, and languages around Middle-earth.
The Atlas of Middle-earth provides many detailed maps of the lands described in Tolkien's books. The maps are treated as if they are of real landscapes, drawn according to the rules of a real atlas. For each area the history of the land is taken into account, as well as geography on a larger scale; from there maps are drawn.[7] Fonstad's discussion includes suggestions as to the geology that could explain various formations, and points that are contradictory between multiple accounts. Fonstad explains in the atlas, and in her article about it, how she came to decide on such matters. For example, she compares the western Emyn Muil with its two ridges to the Weald with its pair of inward-facing downs (an anticline).[2]
The Tolkien scholar Verlyn Flieger records that she persuaded Fonstad to write an account for Tolkien Studies of how she researched and created the maps for her Atlas of Middle-earth. Fonstad, while seriously ill, accordingly prepared her last article, "Writing 'TO' the Map" in her final months. Flieger stated "We mourn her passing and we honor her work".[2] The editor of Tolkien Studies, David Bratman, notes that the atlas provides historical, geological, and battle maps, with a detailed commentary and explanation of how Fonstad approached the mapping task from the available evidence.[14] Michael Brisbois, also in Tolkien Studies, describes the atlas as "authorized",[15] while the cartographers Ina Habermann and Nikolaus Kuhn take Fonstad's maps as defining Middle-earth's geography.[16] The Tolkien scholar Luke Shelton calls the book the more popular of the two atlases of Middle-earth, the other being Barbara Strachey's more specific Journeys of Frodo. In his view, the book isn't perfect "but it is certainly helpful", not least as it covers the First and Second Ages.[17]
Stentor Danielson, a Tolkien scholar, notes that Tolkien did not provide the same "detailed textual history" to contextualise his maps as he did for his writings. Danielson suggests that this has assisted the tendency among Tolkien's fans to treat his maps as "geographical fact".[7] He calls Fonstad's atlas "magisterial",[7] and comments that like Tolkien, Fonstad worked from the assumption that the maps, like the texts, "are objective facts" which the cartographer must fully reconcile. He gives as an instance the work that she did to make the journey of Thorin's company in The Hobbit consistent with the map, something that Tolkien found himself unable to do. Danielson writes that in addition, Fonstad created "the most comprehensive set" of thematic maps of Middle-earth, presenting geographic data including political boundaries, climate, population density, and the routes of characters or armies.[7]
An Antarctica cruise company, Atlas Ocean Voyages will begin operating from Ushuaia, the capital of the extreme south Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. According to local media reports, the first call out of fifteen will take place next November.
Once in Ushuaia the Antarctic cruisers will comply with migratory requirements and be immediately transported to the World Navigator, while luggage will be dispatched directly to the vessel.
Miranda Daviduk, Social Media Strategist
Miranda (she/her) oversees the Center's social media strategy and content. Previously she worked on the Center's development team focusing on digital fundraising and acquisition. She holds a bachelor's degree in mass communications from the University of Delaware and a master's degree in journalism from the University of Oregon.
Scott Gilman, Membership Director
Scott (he/him) works on our development team focusing on email and digital fundraising. Before joining us he helped other nonprofits with online strategy development; served as director of online communications at the National Center for Learning Disabilities; and was assistant director for Internet initiatives at what is now the Jewish Federations of North America. He holds a master's in media studies from The New School, a bachelor's in literature from Columbia University and a bachelor's in Talmud from the Jewish Theological Seminary.
Wendy Leung, Senior Media Specialist
Wendy (she/her) helps coordinate media relations and strategy for the Urban Wildlands and Government Affairs programs. Prior to joining the Center, Wendy spent two decades as a reporter for Southern California newspapers. She holds a bachelor's degree in literature from University of California Santa Cruz and a master's degree from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.
Jeff Miller, Senior Conservation Advocate
Jeff (he/him)writes press and outreach materials for endangered species issues, works on endangered-species listing petitions, and does community organizing and media work for numerous Center campaigns, from condor protection to pesticides reduction to Bay Area urban-sprawl issues. Jeff has also been the director of the Alameda Creek Alliance since 1997, and in 2007 and 2009 won "Leaping Steelhead" awards for his efforts to restore Alameda Creek and California's fish populations and aquatic ecosystems.
Andy Parker, Senior Media Specialist
Andy helps coordinate, produce and oversee the Center's media and communications work on environmental health. During a 20-year journalism career, he worked as a reporter, editor and columnist and has taught writing and journalism classes at several colleges. Prior to joining the Center, he was a columnist at The Oregonian in Portland. He holds a bachelor's degree in history from the College of William & Mary.
Mary K. Reinhart, Deputy Director of the Media Program
Mary K (she/her) helps produce and coordinate the Center's media and communications work on public lands, including the borderlands. During a 25-year journalism career, she worked as a reporter, editor and columnist in Arizona and was cofounder of an online news service that covered state politics and policy. Before joining us she was communications director for a nonprofit behavioral-health organization. She holds a bachelor's degree in journalism from Arizona State University.
Panagioti Tsolkas, Digital Communications Staff, helps write and edit Center action alerts, newsletters, social media content and more. Prior to joining the Center, he edited Prison Legal News and the Earth First! Journal and was a digital civic engagement program coordinator with Florida Immigrant Coalition. Panagioti has also been a community organizer focused on the intersection of environmental justice, ecology and mass incarceration. He is a high school dropout and lifelong unschooler.
Meanwhile, the Scout Hazard Assessment webpage maintained by NASA-JPL's Center for Near Earth Object Studies interprets the observations using sophisticated computer programs, checking for immediate threats and requesting further measurements of asteroids whose orbits remain uncertain. Both websites are publicly accessible to anyone in the world.
Samples were placed separately in sterile plastic zipper bags and they were immediately stored at 4 C in the laboratory. Two days after collection, they were transported to the laboratories of IN-BIOTEC (Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Province). Processing the 24 sub-samples included removal of the first 3 cm (usually containing live tissue of Astelia, Donatia or other plant species) and the remaining peat block was divided according two depths: (A) 3-10 cm and (B) 11-20 cm. Stones and macroscopic dead plants were removed.
Each sub-sample was divided into five small portions and placed in Petri dishes containing solid culture media Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA: 200 g of potato infusion, 20 g of dextrose, 15 g of agar and 1L of distilled water) or Czapeck Dox (CD: 1 g of KH2PO4, 30 g of sucrose, 2 g of NaNO3, 1 g of K2HPO4, 0.5 g of MgSO4, 0.5 g of KCl, 0.01g of FeSO4, 15 g of agar, and 1 L of distilled water) with the addition of 1 g/L of chloramphenicol and adjusted to pH 5. A total of 240 particles, [5 particles of each sub-samples at depth A (24) and depth B (24)] were seeded in 48 Petri dishes with PDA and 240 particles in 48 Petri dishes with CD. The plates were incubated at room temperature (182 ºC), since colonies developed faster than 102 ºC (temperature of collected samples), until the appearance of fungal colonies. The number of colonies per species was registered by Petri dish.
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