Designing With Type, 5th Edition - The Essential Guide To Typography By James Craig.pdf

[Vaniria Setser]

Sentence spacing concerns how spaces are inserted between sentences in typeset text and is a matter of typographical convention.[1] Since the introduction of movable-type printing in Europe, various sentence spacing conventions have been used in languages with a Latin alphabet.[2] These include a normal word space (as between the words in a sentence), a single enlarged space, and two full spaces.

The desired or correct sentence spacing is often debated, but most sources now state that an additional space is not necessary or desirable.[9] From around 1950, single sentence spacing became standard in books, magazines, and newspapers,[10] and the majority of style guides that use a Latin-derived alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence.[11] However, some sources still state that additional spacing is correct or acceptable.[7] Some people preferred double sentence spacing because that was how they were taught to type.[12] The few direct studies conducted since 2002 have produced inconclusive results as to which convention is more readable.[13]

Designing with Type, 5th Edition - The Essential Guide to Typography by James Craig.pdf

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Magazines, newspapers, and books began to adopt the single-space convention in the United States in the 1940s and in the United Kingdom in the 1950s.[25] Typists did not move to single spacing simultaneously.[5]

Technological advances began affecting sentence spacing methods. In 1941, IBM introduced the Executive, a typewriter capable of proportional spacing,[26] which had been used in professional typesetting for hundreds of years. This innovation broke the hold that the monospaced font had on the typewriter, reducing the severity of its mechanical limitations.[26] However, this innovation did not spread throughout the typewriter industry; the majority of mechanical typewriters, including all of the widely distributed models, remained monospaced, while a small minority of special models carried the innovations. By the 1960s, electronic phototypesetting systems ignored runs of white space in text.[7] This was also true for the World Wide Web, as HTML normally ignores additional spacing,[27][28] although in 2011 the CSS 2.1 standard officially added an option that can preserve additional spaces.[29] In the 1980s, desktop publishing software provided the average writer with more advanced formatting tools.[30]

Early positions on typography (the "arrangement and appearance of text")[31] supported traditional spacing techniques in English publications. In 1954, Geoffrey Dowding's book Finer Points in the Spacing and Arrangement of Type underscored the widespread shift from a single enlarged em space to a standard word space between sentences.[32]

With the advent of the computer age, typographers began deprecating double spacing, even in monospaced text. In 1989, Desktop Publishing by Design stated that "typesetting requires only one space after periods, question marks, exclamation points, and colons" and identified single sentence spacing as a typographic convention.[33] Stop Stealing Sheep & Find Out How Type Works (1993) and Designing with Type: The Essential Guide to Typography (2006) both indicate that uniform spacing should be used between words, including between sentences.[34]

More recent works on typography weigh in strongly. Ilene Strizver, founder of the Type Studio, says: "Forget about tolerating differences of opinion: typographically speaking, typing two spaces before the start of a new sentence is absolutely, unequivocally wrong."[12] The Complete Manual on Typography (2003) states that "The typewriter tradition of separating sentences with two-word spaces after a period has no place in typesetting" and that the single space is "standard typographic practice".[35] The Elements of Typographic Style (2004) advocates a single space between sentences, noting that "your typing as well as your typesetting will benefit from unlearning this quaint [double spacing] Victorian habit".[4]

Word spaces, preceding or following punctuation, should be optically adjusted to appear to be of the same value as a standard word space. If a standard word space is inserted after a full point or a comma, then, optically, this produces a space of up to 50% wider than that of other word spaces within a line of type. This is because these punctuation marks carry space above them, which, when added to the adjacent standard word spaces, combines to create a visually larger space. Some argue that the "additional" space after a comma and full point serves as a "pause signal" for the reader. But this is unnecessary (and visually disruptive) since the pause signal is provided by the punctuation mark itself.

Modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language. These works are important to writers, since "virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication".[44] Late editions of comprehensive style guides, such as the Oxford Style Manual (2003)[45] in the United Kingdom and the Chicago Manual of Style (2010)[46] in the United States, provide standards for a wide variety of writing and design topics, including sentence spacing.[47] The majority of style guides now prescribe the use of a single space after terminal punctuation in final written works and publications.[43] A few style guides allow double sentence spacing for draft work, and the Gregg Reference Manual makes room for double and single sentence spacing based on author preferences.[48] Web design guides do not usually provide guidance on this topic, as "HTML refuses to recognize double spaces altogether".[49] These works themselves follow the current publication standard of single sentence spacing.[50]

In the computer era, spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages. Some systems accept whatever the user types, while others attempt to alter the spacing or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences. Computer-based word processors and typesetting software such as troff and TeX allow users to arrange text in a manner previously only available to professional typesetters.[70]

The text-editing environment in Emacs by default uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences unambiguously; the double-space convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that signify abbreviations. How Emacs recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings sentence-end-double-space and sentence-end.[71]

The Unix typesetter program Troff uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence.[72] This allows the typesetter to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviations and to typeset them differently. Early versions of Troff,[72] which only typeset in fixed-width fonts, would automatically add a second space between sentences, which were detected based on the combination of terminal punctuation and a line feed.

Multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most World Wide Web content, whether or not they are associated with sentences.[27][28] There are options for preserving spacing, such as the CSS white-space property,[29] and the tag.[74]

James Felici, author of the Complete Manual of Typography, says that the topic of sentence spacing is "the debate that refuses to die ... In all my years of writing about type, it's still the question I hear most often, and a search of the web will find threads galore on the subject."[7]

One of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spacing is that it was created for monospaced fonts of the typewriter and is no longer needed with modern proportional fonts.[80]However, proportional fonts existed together with wide sentence spacing for centuries before the typewriter and remained for decades after its invention. When the typewriter was first introduced, typists were most commonly taught to use three spaces between sentences.[20] This gradually shifted to two spaces, while the print industry remained unchanged in its wide em-spaced sentences. Some sources now state it is acceptable for monospaced fonts to be single-spaced today,[81] although other references continue to specify double spacing for monospaced fonts.[82] The double-space typewriter convention has been taught in schools in typing classes and remains the practice in many cases.[12] Some voice concern that students will later be forced to relearn how to type.[83]

Direct studies on sentence spacing include those by Loh, Branch, Shewanown, and Ali (2002);[93] and Clinton, Branch, Holschuh, and Shewanown (2003);[94] with results favoring neither single, double, nor triple spacing.[95] The 2002 study tested participants' reading speed for passages of on-screen text with single and double sentence spacing. The authors stated that "the 'double space group' consistently took longer time to finish than the 'single space' group" but concluded that "there was not enough evidence to suggest that a significant difference exists".[96] The 2003 study analyzed on-screen single, double, and triple spacing. In both cases, the authors stated that there was insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion.[97] Ni, Branch, Chen, and Clinton conducted a similar study in 2009 using identical spacing variables. The authors concluded that the "results provided insufficient evidence that time and comprehension differ significantly among different conditions of spacing between sentences".[98] A 2018 study of 60 students found that those who used two word spaces between sentences read the same text 3 percent faster than with a monospaced font (Courier New).[99]

There are other studies that could be relevant to sentence spacing,[100] such as the familiarity of typographic conventions on readability. Some studies indicate that "tradition" can increase the readability of text,[101] and that reading is disrupted when conventional printing arrangements are disrupted or violated.[102] The standard for the Web and published books, magazines, and newspapers is single sentence spacing.[103]

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