I've learned two things about this:
1. if you turn on nextflow run -with-trace, you can see more details about each process including the JOB_ID, which you can dump into sacct or squeue to get information about past and currently running jobs.
2. in the screen output where you see the [12/34abcd] that tells you the path to the working directory for that processes, so you can go there and look at the scripts and the temporary outputs.
For example there's a [44/cf9ee6] for one of your processes. If you cd $NXF_WORK/44, you'll see a subdirectory there that begins with cf9ee6, and has a bunch more characters.
like 44/cf9ee637e38f15291c04b7e99544ad or something (those seem to be an md5sum, so this obviously isn't correct for your context.
go there and your temporary files are saved, and the actual process that gets run is in the file .command.sh
If you run in a container environment, you might need to look at the .command.run to extract that context information. I don't know how it would work for Conda or Docker, but for singularity, you can figure it out by running "grep singularity .command.run" in that directory.