Organic Chemistry Book By M Younas
Jesper Sahu
Structure & BondingElectron Configurations of AtomsChemical Bonding & ValenceCharge Distribution in MoleculesPractice ProblemsThe Shape of MoleculesIsomersAnalysis of Molecular FormulasResonanceAtomic and Molecular OrbitalsPractice Problems
Chemical ReactivityReaction ClassificationBy Structural ChangeBy Reaction TypeAcid-Base ReactionsOxidations & ReductionsBy Functional GroupReaction VariablesReactants & ReagentsProduct SelectivityOther VariablesReaction RateIntermediatesReaction EnergeticsBond EnergyElectronic EffectsSteric Effects Solvent EffectsReaction MechanismsCurved Arrow NotationReactive IntermediatesReaction IllustrationsNucleophilicity & BasicityAcid-Base CatalysisPractice Problems
Stereoisomers Part IIChirality & SymmetrySymmetry ElementsEnantiomorphismOptical ActivityConfigurational NomenclatureCompounds with Several Stereogenic CentersStereogenic NitrogenFischer Projection FormulasAchiral DiastereomersOther Configurational NotationsResolutionConformational EnantiomorphismPractice Problems
The practice problems provided as part of this text are chiefly interactive, and should provide a useful assessment of the reader's understanding at various stages in the development of the subject. Some of these problems make use of a Molecular Editor drawing application created by Peter.Ertl. To practice using this editor Click Here.
Since problem solving is essential to achieving an effective mastery of the subject, it is recommended that many more problems be worked. Most organic chemistry textbooks contain a broad assortment of suitable problems, and paperback collections of practice problems are also available. In addition, a large collection of multiple choice problems may be viewed Here.
The following button will activate a collection of problems concerning the reactivity of common functional groups.
The following web-sites provide nice collections of problems and answers:
Towson University-reaction quizzes and summaries
Ohio State University-electronic flashcards
University of Wisconsin-concept questions
UCLA-helpful advice
Notre Dame-spectroscopy problems
AlkenesElectrophilic AdditionsStrong Brnsted AcidsLewis Acids (non-Proton Electrophiles)Electrophilic Halogen ReagentsOther Electrophilic ReagentsReductionOxidationRadical AdditionsAllylic SubstitutionPractice ProblemsDienesAddition ReactionsDiels-Alder CycloadditionPractice Problems
Alkyl HalidesOccurrenceGeneral ReactivitySubstitution(of X)SN2 MechanismSN1 MechanismElimination (of HX)Summary of Substitution vs. EliminationSubstitution by MetalsElimination Reactions of DihalidesPractice Problems
AlcoholsNomenclatureReactions of AlcoholsSubstitution of the Hydroxyl HSubstitution of the Hydroxyl GroupElimination of WaterOxidation of AlcoholsReactions of PhenolsAcidity of PhenolsRing Substitution of PhenolsOxidation to QuinonesPractice Problems
Benzene & DerivativesElectrophilic SubstitutionA Substitution MechanismReactions of Substituted BenzenesReaction CharacteristicsReactions of Disubstituted RingsReactions of Substituent GroupsNucleophilic Substitution, Elimination & Addition ReactionsPractice Problems
AminesNomenclature & StructureProperties of AminesBoiling Point & SolubilityBasicity of Nitrogen CompoundsAcidity of Nitrogen CompoundsImportant Reagent BasesReactions of AminesElectrophilic Substitution at NitrogenPreparation of 1-AminesPreparation of 2 & 3-AminesPractice ProblemsReactions with Nitrous AcidReactions of Aryl Diazonium IntermediatesElimination Reactions of AminesOxidation States of NitrogenPractice Problems
Aldehydes & KetonesNomenclature of Aldehydes & KetonesOccurrence of Aldehydes & KetonesNatural ProductsSynthetic PreparationProperties of Aldehydes & KetonesReversible Addition ReactionsHydration & Hemiacetal FormationAcetal FormationImine FormationEnamine FormationCyanohydrin FormationIrreversible Addition ReactionsComplex Metal HydridesOrganometallic ReagentsCarbonyl Group ModificationWolff-Kishner ReductionClemmensen ReductionHydrogenolysis of ThioacetalsOxidationsReactions at the α-CarbonMechanism of Electrophilic α-SubstitutionThe Aldol ReactionAmbident Enolate AnionsAlkylation of Enolate AnionsPractice Problems
Carboxylic AcidsNomenclature of Carboxylic AcidsNatural ProductsRelated DerivativesPhysical PropertiesAcidityPreparation of Carboxylic AcidsReactions of Carboxylic AcidsSalt FormationSubstitution of Hydroxyl HydrogenSubstitution of the Hydroxyl GroupReduction & OxidationPractice Problems
These pages are the property of William Reusch.
1999 William Reusch, The pages are licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 4.0. [creativecommons.org] (most recent revision 6/2010)
Comments, questions and errors shouldbe sent to whre...@msu.edu.
These pages are provided to the IOCD to assist in capacity building in chemical education. 05/05/2013
Andrew is currently the Vice President of R&D for the Protective and Marine Division of Sherwin-Williams. He has worked in research and development for several major companies over the past 25 years in various industrial markets with a current focus on protective and marine coatings. His diverse chemistry and application experience has provided for novel market solutions in metal finishing, automotive coatings, and protective and marine markets. He is certified NACE CIP level 2, and NACE Protective Coatings Specialist level 2.
Chuck is currently a Northeast Field Technical Service Representative in the FTS group at Covestro Coating Resins, where he has been for 26 years. He holds a BA degree in Chemistry/Biology from Annhurst College and has completed advanced Chemistry courses at Northeastern University in Boston.
Chuck is a past-President of the New England Society for Coatings Technology, has served on the Board of Directors for the former FSCT, was Technical Chair of the Eastern Coatings Show 2019, and serves as the NE representative and Chair of the ACA Society Liaison Committee. He currently is co-author of two US patents in coatings technologies.
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Milena Garay-Tovar is currently an Applications Scientist at Lubrizol Performance Coatings Group. She has worked in the coatings industry for 20 years, developing new and sustainable high-performance coatings and polymers for the automotive and general industrial markets in South America and North America. She started her career in Gricoat de Colombia, where she supported the implementation of the Quality Management System and worked several years developing coatings and in-house resins. After moving to USA and receiving her M.S. degree in Polymers and Coatings Technologies from Eastern Michigan University, she joined the OE Auto Interior team of Sherwin-Williams, where she formulated coatings for the automakers. Then, back in 2022, she moved to the Lubrizol Corporation, where she is currently supporting the development of novel polymeric technologies from the applications side.
Polyurethanes are one of the most versatile materials for solvent borne protective and industrial coating applications, with innovation increasingly focusing on sustainability and emission reductions. Lubrizol has developed a novel soft segment chemistry for polyurethanes using polyamides, which in the past few years has been successfully incorporated into high performance waterborne coating products. We now introduce polyamide polyols for solvent borne polyurethane topcoat applications targeting protective and industrial markets. Coatings made from these novel polyols provide excellent solutions for applications where weatherability, color stability, and gloss retention with good adhesion to primer and metal surfaces are critical. They can be formulated into high solid, low volatile organic content (VOC) paints (
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This presentation aims to discuss a more total approach to sustainability in terms of upstream as well as downstream impact, power consumption, and service life and their overall impact on sustainability.
High solid content polyurethane dispersions (PUDs) can help deliver both sustainability and performance features in waterborne polyurethane coatings. The highest attainable solid content for waterborne polyurethane dispersions is lower than what can be achieved in acrylic emulsions. In this presentation, we show our journey using novel technology to guide the development of several high solids waterborne dispersions with over 50% solid content, approaching the limits of acrylic emulsions while maintaining a high performance polyurethane. The increased solids content has several benefits for coatings applications, including the elimination of a coating step, thicker coatings, reduction of dry time and lowered coalescing solvent need. These products were also designed with regulatory needs in mind and have been developed without the use of TEA or NMP. The combination of these advantages and the well-known high performance of the polyurethanes is expected to be a valuable benefit to a large variety of coating applications.
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