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Page IIIJAPANESE LITERATURE OF THE SHOWA PERIOD:A GUIDE TO JAPANESE REFERENCEAND RESEARCH MATERIALSJoseph K. YamagiwaANN ARBOR * THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS * 1959Published forThe Center for Japanese Studies
Page IVCopyright ( 1959 hv The University of MichiganPublished in the United States of America byThe University of Michigan Press and simultaneouslyin Toronto, Canada, by Ambassador Books, Ltd.Manufactured in the United States of America
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Page VEDITOR'S FOREWORD ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SERIESThe Bibliographical Series of the Center for Japanese Studies has for its main purpose the listing and evaluating of the major Japanese works pertaining to the humanities and social sciences, particularly as they dealwith Japan and the areas immediately adjacent to Japan. It is assumed that Western materials pertaining toJapan are adequately covered in the bibliographies of Pages, von Wenckstern, Nachod, Praesent-Haenisch,Pritchard, Gaskill, the annual bibliographies of the Association for Asian Studies (formerly the Far EasternAssociation), etc., and that Western specialists in the several fields will know how to get at the Western materials in their respective fields.The bibliographies in the present series are intended to serve as an introduction to the native research materials in the several disciplines and hence as an aid to research for teachers and students. In each case anattempt has been made to describe or to evaluate each work that is listed, or at least to justify the inclusion ofeach item. Scholars and librarians will perhaps find that the several bibliographies in this series will serve asuseful guides to buying programs which they may wish to initiate.The bibliographies are selective. Each item listed is believed to be of some value or interest to thescholarly user. In those cases in which it has been impossible to examine a book or article of known value, itstill is included. A book or article is thus included if it is written by a competent scholar, if it is included ina bibliography which is itself competently compiled, if it appears to treat its subject matter in detail and withan approach to completeness, if it is frequently quoted, if it is well reviewed, or if it is referred to as beingauthoritative. Wherever possible, notes as to why an item seems to be of value have been given.The scope of each bibliography is defined by the compiler or compilers in their introductions, but ingeneral each of the bibliographies lists (a) important source materials, and (b) secondary sources dating from afixed date in the recent past, as, for instance, the Meiji Restoration, 1900, 1910, etc.Although the materials in most cases deal with the Japanese islands, each compiler has set the limits ofthe geographical area which his materials cover. In certain cases expansion into areas that lie outside Japanappears to be justified by the fact that Japanese research has been the dominant research for these areas. Henceone or more of the bibliographies will cover Japanese materials on Formosa, Korea, Manchuria, and the Mandated Islands.The format is uniform within each volume. In general the name of each author or compiler is given bothin romanization and characters. The surnames are given first and the given names next, as the practice is inJapan. The names of corporate authors, such as government offices, are given in romanization and characters;they are then translated.The title of each book or article is given in romanization and characters; it is then translated. The placeof publication and the name of the publisher are given in romanization alone, but a separate listing within eachbibliography gathers together the names of the publishers, with the characters used in writing their names. Thislisting is found as an appendix in each volume.1. Long a, o, and u are indicated by macrons over the vowels.2. Only the first letters of initial words and proper nouns are capitalized.3. In the bibliographical data, the compilers have given both the edition and the printing of the work cited.Significant textual variations sometimes occur between different printings of the same edition of a givenwork.4. When dealing with an item composed of one volume, complete pagination is generally given for thatvolume, including all separately paged sections. If any title is in more than one volume, only the totalnumber of volumes is given, without paging.5. In the event that the item cited happens to be part of a series or collection, the compilers have givenin brackets introduced by an equals sign the title, characters, and translated title of that series orcollection and the number of the volume concerned.6. Works such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, yearbooks, series, and collections are cited by title; thename of the editor or compiler, in romanization and characters, is usually given after the title.7. In the case of articles found in journals, quotation marks surround the Japanese title, characters, andtranslated title.8. Abbreviations are explained in lists, if necessary.9. If any volume of a journal is continuously paged, number and month may be omitted. If it has bothcontinuous volume pagination and separate pagination for each issue, only the volume, year, and thecontinuous volume pagination may be given. If more than one volume appears in any single year, andeach is separately and continuously paged, the procedure has been to give the volume, inclusive monthsof the issues in the volume, year, and continuous volume pagination (the last where easilyascertainable).10. If an article comprises a chapter or a section of a book which is a compilation of articles by a numberof authors, this fact is shown by inserting the word "in" between the title of the article and the compilation in which it is found. Following the "in," a complete citation of the book in question is given.11. All descriptions, evaluations, criticisms, and comments pertaining to a volume or article follow thecitations in separate, indented paragraphs.12. A list of the standard professional journals is given whenever found to be convenient.v
Page VIThese remarks revise in a few particulars the Editor's Foreword appearing in numbers 1-6 of the presentBibliographical Series. When the Series was begun in 1950, it was hoped to indicate for each of the itemslisted in each bibliography, the American libraries which own it. However, Far Eastern libraries in the UnitedStates have recently made such substantial additions to their Japanese collections that it is no longer possible ornecessary to show the location of each item. The key libraries today possess union catalogues that indicate whereparticular volumes may be found.Joseph K. Yamagiwavi
Page VIIAUTHOR'S INTRODUCTIONThe present volume is a guide to Japanese literature of the period 1926 to date. This volume is thereforea guide to the literature of the Showa era, which began when the present Japanese emperor ascended to histhrone upon the death of his father, Emperor Taisho. The years that have since passed include some of themost exciting times of Japanese history. Following the First World War, liberal, progressive, and even radicalideas flourished in Japan. But as the military, supported by the great financial, industrial, and mercantilecombines later condemned as zaibatsu, began to gain ascendancy, literature as well as politics became more andmore nationalistic. In the words of liberal critics, it fell into a "dark ravine," and it was only in the firstyears after World War II that it began once more to show its former vitality and diversity.The first chapter of this work consists of a brief history of twentieth-century Japanese literature, coveringin turn the major schools, coteries, and movements associated with the development of the several literarygenres, namely, fiction, drama, the shi or long poem, tanka or 31-syllable poem, and haiku or 17-syllablepoem. Although literary criticsm might have been separately treated, it seemed easier to include it with thegenres with which it was concerned. The theorists of fiction are therefore mentioned in connection with thegenres and the schools on which they write, either in sympathy or in opposition. Similarly, the writers onpoetry are mentioned in connection with the poetic forms and movements which they discuss. Often it was thepoets themselves who most eloquently set forth their own poetics. Chapter one therefore indicates the varietyof movements, ideological, artistic, or merely popularizing, which has moved Japanese literature since the turnof the century, and names the authors associated with these movements. Chapter two is an annotated listing ofthe basic reference works. These include bibliographies; publishers' annuals, periodical indices of new publications, yearbooks, and handbooks; dictionaries and encyclopedias; histories, studies, and essay series; chronological tables; and journals. Together these works show the variety of work on Sh6wa literature done by Japanesestudents. Chapter three consists of a bibliography of Showa literature, as written by the many authors whohave received something more than passing attention in the works listed in chapter two, and chapter four is alisting of anthologies and of the authors of the Sh6wa era represented in these anthologies. Two appendices,consisting of a list of publishers and an index of authors, complete the volume. The index of authors and editors,it is hoped, will be of particular value in referring to those literary movements described in chapter one withwhich the writers are specifically related, those reference works in chapter two in which they figure as author,editor, contributor, or subject; those works, creative or critical, listed under their names in chapter three;and those anthologies, analyzed in chapter four, in which at least a portion of their works is reprinted. Theindex of authors and editors, therefore, will assist the user of this volume in arriving at an estimate of theparticular role, large or small, which a particular writer has played in contemporary Japanese literature.Something of the history and bibliography of Showa literature is already known in the West, through thewritings of devoted students and translators. The Bibliographie de la litterature japonaise contemporaine,published by Georges Bonneau as volume 9, numbers 1-4, of the Bulletin de la Maison Franco-Japonaise, Paris,Paul Geuthner, 1938, is of particular importance to the present work because it covers the bibliography ofJapanese literature from the Meiji Restoration of 1868, which is frequently taken as the starting point for discussions of Japan's modernization, to 1936. For the history of modern Japanese literature, Bonneau's workbecomes a treasure-house of information. Its introduction describes the materials used by the author in compilinghis bibliography; the critical, philosophical, and historical works published in Japan which serve to paint in thebackground of the literature; the translations into Japanese through which the influence of Western literaturecame in; and the classification of Japanese fiction, poetry, and drama in terms of the degree of affinity theyshow, on the one hand, to tradition, and on the other, to a spirit of innovation and even of experimentation.The main body of the Bonneau bibliography lists the writings of 451 authors. Under each author's nameis given his date and place of birth, together with the death date wherever the author is no longer living, and,next, the writings themselves under such categories as fiction (roman), drama (theatre), poetry (poesie), essay(essai), criticism (critique), and collections (recueils d'ensemble). The arrangement throughout is eminentlysatisfactory, and Western students owe greatly to Bonneau's work.The latest entries in the Bonneau bibliography come from the year 1936. The present bibliography thereforeoverlaps for the first ten or eleven years of its coverage with the work by Bonneau. This duplication, however,appears to be justified on several counts. The Bonneau bibliography includes 3507 items taken from a span ofabout 70 years. Virtually the same number of items are found in the present bibliography, but taken from aperiod of 30 years. The Bonneau bibliography is perhaps more selective; but it may also have missed someimportant items published during the last years of its coverage when no consensus had as yet been reachedconcerning the ultimate worth of a particular literary work. Bonneau was well aware of the existence in Japanof a literature of social criticism, for one of the chapters in his introduction has to do with "la litteraturesociale." Living in Japan, as he did, in the latter thirties, when militarism was already in the saddle, he maynot have recognized with equal perspicuity the volume of writings which represented a renunciation of liberal,progressive, and radical views and an acceptance of more conservative and even nationalistic ideas.The problem, whether a particular recent piece of writing merits inclusion in a bibliography, has puzzledthe present compiler too. To be on the safe side, the principle has been followed of including every title givensome degree of attention beyond the mere mentioning in the many Japanese reference works that have been laidunder contribution. Thus almost all of the items listed in the chronological tables given as appendices to varioustreatments of modern Japanese literature are recorded in the present bibliography, along with the titles to whichvii