B.s. Nabar Forensic Science Book Pdf Free Download

[Kanisha Dezarn]

Thisdocument provides an overview of forensic science. It begins by defining forensic science as the application of science to matters of criminal and civil law. It discusses Locard's principle of exchange and how physical evidence is crucial. Examples of various types of physical evidence are given. The history and development of forensic science is then outlined, including early contributions from China, Orfila, Bertillon, Galton and others. Finally, the organization and units of a typical forensic science laboratory in India are described.Read less

Forensic science is the field of science, in which we apply theknowledge of science to the obtained evidences from the crimescene, to examine, and to identify the suspect. In forensic science,there are many branches which deal with different types ofevidences, and questioned documents is one of the branches, whichdeals with examination of documents obtained either from thevictim, or the crime scene or from the old records. Further, scientificmethods are applied as well as our scientific knowledge is appliedto the documents obtained for the further analysis, in order to havea significant information to have a lead in our cases. Documentsobtained as evidences might be deliberately altered, undergonechanges, damaged, forged, and related questions which arises inthe court [1].

a.Various methods and techniques have been introduced byresearchers for the purpose of identification and verificationof the hand-written signature of an individual by the helpcomputer software [4,5].

So, with this we can also say that there will be variations insignatures design of a person with increase in age and additionto that we can also say that hand written signature can also giveus an idea about the age of that person, or we can have a roughestimate of an age from his or her handwritten signatures? As fromthe research work conducted before had mainly focused on age andhandwritings in order to have insight whether age effects the handwriting patterns or not in different age groups.

Alignment is an arrangement in a straight line or in correctrelative positions. We have looked for the alignment in whichsignature starts from the lower end and terminates at the higherend, higher elevation of the terminal end was preferred. Out of totalnumbers (30 samples in each groups) of samples, percentage of thesignatures with that alignment was then calculated in all the threegroups respectively Figure 2.

Generally, abbreviation is defined (here) as employment ofshort form for the convenience by using first initial alphabet offirst name or second name or middle name in the signatures like inFigure 3. So, trends of using abbreviations was observed in three ofthe groups respectively. Out of total numbers (30 samples in eachgroups) of samples, percentage of signatures with abbreviation(s)was then calculated in all the three groups respectively.

Connecting strokes are the extended tails of a letter whichconnect them with each other, they bridge up letters of name insignature. Our analysis was concerned about whether alphabetspresent in the signature samples are clear or not, with connectingstrokes or not. From those further depiction of name was seen likein Figure 5. Out of total numbers (30 samples in each groups) ofsamples, percentage of signatures in which the criteria mentionedfor the connecting strokes were present was then calculated in allthe three groups respectively.

a. While looking for the clear and unclear characters seenwhether name from signature was visible or not for just to hadrough estimate about the possible alphabets used by the personin his or her signatures.

c. Alphabets which were mixed with one another alphabet,alphabet which was appeared to be complete beside beingmixed with other alphabet was given complete count andanother alphabet which mixed was given a half count withrespect to clarity.

d. While counting for the total characters those partiallyformed alphabets or different shapes of alphabet which wereconfusing to judge were given complete count respectively andtermed as non-clear character. And then they were added withtotal counts of clear characters present in the signature.

g. After calculating the individual percentage of clarity totalmean of all percentages in all three groups were then calculatedwhich was tabulated (in chapter of observations and results)and further from that for more understanding a bar graph wasprepared (in chapter of observation and results).

In the Figure 6, graph shows the percentage of pen lifts in threedifferent age groups. It is abundantly found in group 1. Followed bygroup3 and 2. People from group 1 do not sign frequently we cansay so; they show a greater number of pen lifts.

In Figure 7, refers to the fashion of signature ascendingupwards towards its side which is greatly shown by group 2. Othertwo groups have been deviated from the sample alignment that hasbeen considered.

The Figure 8, graph shows that abbreviations used by people ofgroup 3 are more than the other two groups with group 1 being theleast. As group 3 people tend to sign very frequently, they try to savetime by using abbreviations in their signature.

In Figure 9 Group 2 was one with the highest percentage ofindividuals who uses special characters in their signatures. As morethan 50% of people in a sample space of 30 of each group have beenobserved to use special characteristics which may differ in a biggersample space.

In Figure 10, Connecting strokes have been clearly observedmore in group 1 as they write on daily basis so show theirhandwriting features here. But again, as there is no significantdifference in group 2 and group 3.

Table 1 showcases the percentage value observed in group 1 i.e.14 to 20 years. Above calculated percentages were calculated out of30 samples which were taken in account for the study in this group.Out of 30 samples there were 90% of samples were with penlifts,80% of the samples were having alignment that was headingupward in direction as signature ends ,26% of samples had usedabbreviations ,86 % of the samples had special characters and 74%of connection strokes with clear formation of alphabets.

Table 2 showcases the percentage value observed in group 2 i.e.21 to 30 years. Above calculated percentages were calculated out of30 samples which were taken in account for the study in this group.Out of 30 samples there were 83% of samples were with penlifts,86% of the samples were having alignment that was headingupward in direction as signature ends ,33% of samples had usedabbreviations ,99 % of the samples had special characters and 40%of connection strokes with clear formation of alphabets.

Table 3 showcases the percentage value observed in group 3i.e. above 30 years. Above calculated percentages were calculatedout of 30 samples which were taken in account for the study inthis group. Out of 30 samples there were 86% of samples werewith pen-lifts, 60% of the samples were having alignment that washeading upward in direction as signature ends ,43% of samples hadused abbreviations ,66 % of the samples had special characters and37% of connection strokes with clear formation of alphabets.

In the Table 4, average percentage regarding clarity in signaturesof respective groups were showcased. The percentage displayedin the table is an average mean percentage out of 30 samples ofrespective groups. Firstly, the individual percentages of clarity werecalculated for each signature sample and then average percentageof clarity among 30 samples of each group was determined.

a) Pen lifts in three different age groups, abundantly found ingroup 1. Followed by group3 and 2. People from group one doesnot sign frequently we can say so; they show a greater numberof pen lifts. But also pen lift is a characteristic of handwriting, sopeople belonging to any age group can possess it.

b) The fashion of signature ascending upwards towards itsside which is greatly shown by group 2 followed by group 1.There is a very less chance to differentiate between group 1 and2 so this factor too is less insignificant to specify age groups

c) Abbreviations used by people of group 3 are more. Asgroup 3 people tend to sign very frequently, they try to savetime by using abbreviations in their signature. But this factor isinsignificant if we link it to age as it was found that people witha long name too tend to use abbreviations and they can belongto any age group.

d) The most common characteristic observed was underlinesfollowed by dots. There were mixed characteristics too. Group2 was one with the highest percentage. As more than 50%of people in a sample space of 30 have been observed to usespecial characteristics which may differ in a bigger samplespace.

e) Connecting strokes have been clearly observed morein group 1 as they write on daily basis, so they show theirhandwriting features. But again, as there is no significantdifference in group 2 and group 3 this factor too has not beensuccessful for the study conducted.

f) Most of the alphabets used in signatures were clearerin group1 than the other two groups. As people from group1 write frequently so they form letters clearly. This factor toodoes not show very significant difference.

It is concluded from the given study that features which wereobserved were having similar occurrence among the age groupwhich were desired to studied. Most of the features found werecommon in all groups. No significant variation in features wereseen which were chosen with the thought that they will changewith an aging and these changes will be evident in signatures butno such variation in features was found among the groups. Whilestudying no significant difference among features were observedbeside percentage clarity which had shown significant differencewith respect to other two groups but no significant differenceamong them. Hence it is recommended more need of deeper studyand methods are required in this field of interests computerizedor software-based study will harvest more satisfactory outcomesregarding this type of study as there will be features which canonly be analysed with help of software only. At last we can say thatfrom only studying features of signatures one cannot estimate theage of an individual from his or her signatures and addition to itmore work can be done in this area for deeper understanding in thedesired area of interest [11-22].

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