Dance Game Japan
Lawana Stuckert
Japanese traditional dance describes a number of Japanese dance styles with a long history and prescribed method of performance. Some of the oldest forms of traditional Japanese dance may be among those transmitted through the kagura tradition, or folk dances relating to food producing activities such as planting rice (dengaku) and fishing, including rain dances.[1] There are large number of these traditional dances, which are often subfixed -odori, -asobi, and -mai, and may be specific to a region or village.[1] Mai and odori are the two main groups of Japanese dances, and the term buyō (舞踊) was coined in modern times as a general term for dance, by combining mai (舞) (which can also be pronounced bu) and odori (踊) (which can also be pronounced yō).[2]
Mai is a more reserved genre of dance that often has circling movements, and dances of the Noh theatre are of this tradition.[2] A variation of the Mai style of Japanese dance is Kyomai, or Kyoto-style dance. Kyomai developed in the 17th century Tokugawa cultural period. It is heavily influenced by the elegance and sophistication of the manners often associated with the Imperial Court in Kyoto.[citation needed] Odori has more vigorous stepping movements and is more energetic, and dances of the kabuki theatre belong to this category.[2]
There are several types of traditional Japanese dance. The most basic classification is into two forms, mai and odori, which can be further classified into genres such as Noh mai or jinta mai, the latter style having its origins in the pleasure districts of Kyoto and Osaka.
The mai style is reserved and typified by circling movements where the body is kept low to the ground. The odori style includes folk dances performed at annual Bon festival events and dances that were part of traditional kabuki performances. The odori style features larger movements and is typically more energetic.[3]
Traditional dance forms in the present day have also been influenced by Western dance forms like ballet, which were introduced to Japan during the Meiji Restoration. In Sagi Musume ('The Heron Maiden') the dancer's role is the spirit of the heron. In classical versions, the spirit assumes a handsome, strong pose at the end of the dance. However, this classical ending was altered in later versions (which borrowed heavily from Anna Pavlova's performances of The Dying Swan) so the spirit gradually became lifeless, ultimately sinking to the floor.[3]
The history of kabuki began in 1603, when Izumo no Okuni, possibly a shrine maiden of Izumo Taisha Temple, began performing a new style of dance drama in the dry riverbeds of Kyoto, and they were then called "strange" or "unusual" (kabuki).[4] This new form of dance drama is thought to have been derived from folk-dances performed only by women, furyū-ō odori and nembu odori.[4] Kabuki became a common form of entertainment in Yoshiwara, the registered red-light district in Edo. During the Genroku era, kabuki thrived. The structure of a kabuki play was formalized during this period, as were many elements of style. Conventional character types were established, as were many of the most popular and still-performed plays.
The origin of Noh mai can be traced back to as far as the fourteenth century.[5][6] Noh mai is a dance that is done to music that is made by flutes and small hand drums called tsuzumi.[7] At various points the performers dance to vocal and percussion music; these points are called kuse or kiri. Noh mai dances are put together by a series of forms.[5] Forms are patterns of body movements that are done elegantly and with beauty.
There are several types of Noh mai dances.[8] A type that is neither slow nor fast is called chu no mai, and is usually performed by a female dancer. A slower type of dance is the jo no mai, which is also done by a female, sometimes dressed up as a ghost of a noble woman, a spirit, or a deity. A male's dance is otoko mai. In otoko mai the performer does not wear a mask and is portraying the character as being heroic. Another male dance is kami mai, where the dancer acts as though he is a deity. This is a very fast dance. The female version of this is called kagura and can be performed in various ways. Gaku is a dance that imitates music played at the imperial court and is usually done by the main character in a Noh drama. These are the six varieties that make up the Noh mai dance types.
Costumes are a major part of Noh theatre, including the Noh mai. Dances and play may start out slowly, so actors create flamboyant, colourful costumes to keep the audience engaged. They also dress to fit the aspects the characters represent, for example a bamboo hat worn by a character represents country life. The most important part of the Noh costumes are the masks. The Noh mai masks are thought to be the most artistic masks in Japan. The masks are only worn by the main characters.[9] The masks have neutral expressions so it is the job of the actor to bring the character to life.[10]
Nihon buyō is different from most other traditional dances.[11] It is intended for entertainment on stage. Nihon buyō is a refined dance that has been improved throughout four centuries.[11]
There are four parts to nihon buyō, the most significant part being kabuki buyō.[11] Most of the repertoire has been borrowed from 18th and 19th century kabuki theatre and even from the yūkaku (pleasure quarters) of Edo Japan.[3]
Nihon buyō was created directly from kabuki buyō before it became theater. The second part of nihon buyō is Noh.[11] Nihon buyō takes a few key elements from Noh such as the circular movements and the tools used in its dances. The third part of these dances comes from the folk dances; the spinning and jumping used in folk dances was incorporated into nihon buyō. The last part came from a mixture of European and American culture that is found in Japan today.[11]
Nihon buyō did not reach its present form until the Meiji Restoration of 1868 during a time when Western dance forms were being introduced to Japan. Thus, the present day form of nihon buyō was influenced by dance forms like ballet.[3]
Bon odori is a type of folk dance performed during the Obon Festival.[13][14][15] It was originally a dance to welcome the spirits of the dead. These dances and the music that accompanies them are different for every region of Japan. Usually, the bon dance involves people dancing around a yagura, a high wooden scaffold. The people move either counter clockwise or clockwise, away and towards the yagura. Sometimes they switch direction.
The movement and gestures in a bon dance often depict the history, work or geography of the region.[16] For example, tankō bushi is a coal mining work song that originates from Miike Mine in Kyushu, and the movements in the dance depict digging, cart pushing and lantern hanging. Soran bushi[17] is a sea shanty, and the movements in the dance depict net dragging and luggage hoisting. Bon dances may employ the use of different utensils, such as fans, small towels and wooden hand clappers. For the hanagasa odori,[18] the dancers use straw hats with flowers on them.
Kabuki (歌舞伎) is undeniably known as a classical Japanese dance-drama performed with its unique drama style at Kabuki theatres. Make-up and fashion worn by some of its performers is also one of the trademark of Kabuki.
The history emerged In 1603 when Izumo no Okuni, a shrine maiden of Izumo Taisha Temple, gained popularity when introducing a new style of dance drama in the dry riverbeds of Kyoto, to which was found to be unusual yet beautiful. The uniqueness was recognized by many and was then later on performed at Imperial Court.
Legends say that after a quarrel between Susanoo, the storm god, and his sister Amaterasu, the sun goddess, she retreated into a cave, casting darkness over the world. She was finally drawn out of the cave by the dance of Uzume, the goddess of revelry. From this mythic time until to today, dance has evolved in many different ways across the country and under various foreign influences, but one thing is for sure, dance has always been a part of Japanese culture.
As the Emperor is said to be a descendant of the sun god Amaterasu, there has always been a strong link between the imperial court and the Shinto religion. As such, ritual dances to entertain the gods, kagura, were part of court customs. Originally, the dancers, wearing masks and decorated costumes representing gods and demons, told scenes from Japanese mythologies through dance. This style of dance was then introduced to the great shrines of Ise and Izumo and later spread across the country where it developed into many styles. Without realising it, you might have already seen some of these dances in action, like the lion dance (shishimai) or the shrine maiden dance (mikomai) that you might remember from the internationally acclaimed animated movie, Your Name ('Kimi No Na Wa').
During the Nara period, many elements of Chinese and Asian cultures were brought to Japan, such as gagaku music, accompanied by bugaku dance, characterized by its slow and regal movements. The dancers usually wear richly decorated costumes and can use various accessories such as a mask, hat, sword and butterflies wings. This dance style peaked during the Heian period and, as it was reserved for the aristocrats of the imperial court, it lost popularity when the political power switched from the Emperor to the Shōgun in the Kamakura period.
The best place to see these dances are shrines and temples, sometimes as the main event or as part of ceremonies. They can also be seen at venues such as Gion Corner and the National Theater of Japan.
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