It depends on what you mean by "built in." There are plenty of ways to get atomic operations, in various libraries (e.g. the examples you gave are in the win32 library), or built right into the compiler. Win32 is obviously not available in NaCl, but the gcc compiler has several builtin functions for atomic operations:
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.1.2/gcc/Atomic-Builtins.html That set includes interlocked increment/decrement (either __sync_fetch_and_add or __sync_add_and_fetch can be used for atomic increment) and compare and swap, and a few others.