People named ܐܝܫܘ or ܐܝܫܘܐ

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Stephan Huller

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Aug 22, 2025, 12:43:39 AMAug 22
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I am trying to build a comprehensive database of historical individuals named either  ܐܝܫܘ  or rarer still ܐܝܫܘܐ. Can anyone think of any more examples or earlier examples with this name: 

Name (normalized) Native script Common variants Approx. dates Role / brief descriptor Primary locations
IshoÊ¿yahb I Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥Ü Ü—Ü’ Ishoyahb I; ĪšŠʿyabh I Patriarch 582–595 (d. 595) Patriarch of the Church of the East Seleucia–Ctesiphon (Iraq); Arzun/Arzanene (origins)
IshoÊ¿yahb II (of Gdala) Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥Ü Ü—Ü’ Ishoyahb II; ĪšŠʿyabh II of Gdala Patriarch 628–645 (d. ca. 646) Patriarch of the Church of the East Seleucia–Ctesiphon; Gdala (Beth Ê¿Arbaye, N Iraq/Syria border)
IshoÊ¿yahb III (of Adiabene) Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥Ü Ü—Ü’ Ishoyahb III of Adiabene Patriarch 649–659 (d. 659) Patriarch; author; liturgical reformer Kuplana (Adiabene, Iraqi Kurdistan); Seleucia–Ctesiphon
IshoÊ¿ bar NÅ«n Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ ܒܪ ܢܘܢ IshÅ Ê¿ bar NÅ«n; YeshuÊ¿ bar Nun Patriarch 823–828 Patriarch of the Church of the East Seleucia–Ctesiphon; Beth Gabbare (near Mosul)
SabrishoÊ¿ I Ü£Ü’ÜªÜ Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ Sabr-Isho; SabriÅ¡oÊ¿ Patriarch 596–604 Patriarch of the Church of the East Beth Garmai (origins, Kirkuk region); Seleucia–Ctesiphon
SabrishoÊ¿ II Ü£Ü’ÜªÜ Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ Sabr-Isho II Patriarch 831–835 Patriarch of the Church of the East Mesopotamia (Abbasid realm); likely Baghdad/Seleucia–Ctesiphon
SabrishoÊ¿ IV bar Qayyoma Ü£Ü’ÜªÜ Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ ܒܪ Ü©Ü Ü˜Ü¡Ü Sabr-IshoÊ¿ IV Patriarch 1222–1224/25 Patriarch of the Church of the East Northern Mesopotamia (Iraq)
SabrishoÊ¿ V bar Mashiḥa Ü£Ü’ÜªÜ Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ ܒܪ Ü¡Ü«Ü ÜšÜ Sabr-IshoÊ¿ V; SabriÅ¡oÊ¿ bar MaÅ¡iḥa Patriarch 1226–1256 Patriarch of the Church of the East Northern Mesopotamia (Iraq)
IshoÊ¿dad of Merv Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥Ü•Ü Ü• ܕܡܪܘܙ Ishodad; ĪšŠʿdÄ d fl. c. 850 Bishop of Ḥdatta (Haditha); biblical commentator Ḥdatta (near Mosul, Iraq); Merv (Khorasan, Turkmenistan)
IshoÊ¿ of Merv Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ Ü¡ÜªÜ˜Ü™Ü Ü IshoÊ¿ MarÅ«zÄ yÄ ; ʿĪsÄ al-MarwazÄ«; Joshua of Merv 9th century Lexicographer (Syriac glossary; now lost) Merv (Khorasan; today Turkmenistan/Iran borderlands)
IshoÊ¿ bar Ê¿Ali (ʿĪsÄ b. Ê¿AlÄ«) Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ ܒܪ Ü¥Ü Ü Isho bar Ali; ĪsÄ ibn Ê¿AlÄ« late 9th century Physician; lexicographer; student of Ḥunayn b. Isá¸¥Ä q Baghdad (Abbasid capital); possibly Merv (origins debated)
AbdishoÊ¿ IV Maron Ü¥Ü’Ü•Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ Ê¿Abd ĪšŠʿ; Ê¿AbdÄ«shÅ Ê¿; Abdishoʼ Patriarch 1555–1570 (Chaldean Catholic) Patriarch of the Chaldean Catholic Church Gazarta (Cizre, Türkiye); Diyarbakir; Amid (Diyarbakir)
AbdishoÊ¿ of Kashkar (with Abda) Ü¥Ü’Ü•Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ Ê¿Abd ĪšŠʿ; Abdishu martyred 376 Bishop; martyr (with Abda) Kashkar (Mesopotamia; near Wasit, Iraq)
Berikh‑IshoÊ¿ (Bar EshkÄ phe) Ü’ÜªÜ ÜŸ Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ (ܒܪ Ü Ü«ÜŸÜ Ü¦Ü—) BÄ“rÄ«k‑IshoÊ¿; Bar Eshkaphe 7th century (intro. to IshoÊ¿yahb of Hedhayyabh’s ḥudhrÄ ) Rabban; abbot of Beth KÅ kÄ ; liturgical preface author Beth KÅ kÄ (monastery; northern Mesopotamia)
Rabban IshoÊ¿ (Archimandrite of GÄ wikath) ܪܒܢ Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ Rabban IshoÊ¿ of Gawikath attested 1264 Archimandrite; interim leader in Syriac Orthodox succession crisis Monastery of GÄ wikath near Mopsuestia (Cilicia, Turkey)
YeshuÊ¿ bar Å uÅ¡an (John X bar Shushan) Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ ܒܪ ܫܘܫܢ / Ü Ü˜ÜšÜ¢Ü¢ ܒܪ ܫܘܫܢ IshoÊ¿ bar Shushan; Yohannon X bar Shushan Patriarch 1063/64–1072/73 Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch (birth name YeshuÊ¿) Melitene (Malatya); Amid (Diyarbakir); Harran; Mayferqat (Silvan)
MarwÄ n Sapir Isho (Mar Sapor/Mar Proth dossier) ܡܪܘܢ Ü£Ü¦Ü Üª Ü Ü«Ü˜Ü¥ (as read in copper plates) Mar Sapir Iso; Mar Sabr‑Isho (alt. reading) attested 823–849 (Kerala copper-plate grants) Leader/merchant of Syrian Christian settlers in Kerala Kollam (Quilon), Kerala, India

Thank you in advance. 

Stephan

David Taylor

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Aug 22, 2025, 7:44:16 AMAug 22
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Dear Stephan,

That is quite a challenging task you have taken on, given how many people have names with an Isho' element in them! There seems to be some confusion in your email though - ignoring the usual garbling of fonts when copying documents into emails. The base name is clearly ܝܫܘܥ , Joshua, or Jesus, not ܐܝܫܘ. Since the traditional pronunciation of the name in the Church of the East treats the first letter as a vowel (Isho'), and not as a consonant (Yeshu') as in the West Syriac pronunciation, then in compound names this can occasionally be indicated by an initial alif, as ܐܝܫܘܥ.   

I have spent a couple of minutes trying to put together an initial list of names with an Isho' element in them, and came up with the following. I'm not pretending that it is comprehensive, and I hope that others can add names to the list. All of these names are attached to known historical figures. All of them are the names of men. I expected to be able to think of at least one or two women's names with an Isho' element, like Amatisho', but this doesn't exist (I believe), and no others came to mind. Again, I'd be delighted to be corrected.


Your best bet for finding details of historical individuals with these names is to trawl through the historical texts produced by the Church of the East. The monastic history of Thomas of Marga is a rich source, for example, and the Synodicon Orientale (since it includes lists of bishops), and the various other chronicles. Muriel Debié's book, L'écriture de l'histoire en syriaque (Leuven: Peeters, 2015) contains a complete list of historical texts produced by the Church of the East in Syriac and Arabic. Those names that include an Iranian element, like Bokhtisho' and Dadisho', will be listed (with full references) in Gignoux, P., Jullien, C., Jullien F., Noms propres syriaques d’origine iranienne (Iranisches Personennamenbuch VIII.5 ; Vienna, 2009). The indexes of manuscript catalogues, where the names of scribes, abbots, bishops, etc are included would also be a good hunting ground.

Hope this helps ! Good luck with your project,

David



__________________________________________

Prof. David G.K. Taylor,
Associate Professor of Aramaic and Syriac,
The University of Oxford.

Faculty of Asian & Middle Eastern Studies,
Pusey Lane,
Oxford, OX1 2LE,
U.K.

Tel.:    0044 - 1865 - 278239
Web:  www.orinst.ox.ac.uk

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Subject: [nascas] People named ܐܝܫܘ or ܐܝܫܘܐ
 
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Stephan Huller

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Aug 22, 2025, 9:33:02 AMAug 22
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Sorry for my lack of clarity. I am only interested in the variant ܐܝܫܘ.

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David Taylor

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Aug 22, 2025, 9:42:20 AMAug 22
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In that case your table is not merely confused, it makes no sense at all. Have fun.


__________________________________________

Prof. David G.K. Taylor,
Associate Professor of Aramaic and Syriac,
The University of Oxford.

Faculty of Asian & Middle Eastern Studies,
Pusey Lane,
Oxford, OX1 2LE,
U.K.

Tel.:    0044 - 1865 - 278239
Web:  www.orinst.ox.ac.uk



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Subject: Re: [nascas] People named ܐܝܫܘ or ܐܝܫܘܐ

Stephan Huller

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Aug 22, 2025, 10:13:01 AMAug 22
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I am sorry. I assumed that the same name could be spelled in different ways but apparently I was wrong. Apologies. But if anyone has seen this name I would appreciate hearing about it. So far my references are limited to various Aramaic bowls and: 



Apologies. 

Stephan

Stephan Huller

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Aug 22, 2025, 10:38:14 AMAug 22
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The motivation for this is the repeated discovery of these "Jesus" medals from the early 16th century with the name אישו on them. I am wondering about the origin of the spelling of the name. Was it from contact with an Eastern tradition? 

The clearest early witnesses to אישו in a Christian material context are Italian, Renaissance-era medals that place the Hebrew name across the bust of Christ. In the earliest printed image of this type (mid-sixteenth century), the name appears plainly “in Hebrew letters … in the field,” with the familiar Christological Latin formula around. The continuous reading אישו is the straightforward way to understand the obverse field letters as they lie across the portrait; there is no need to divide them into two words or to detach a leading א from the name.

The primary witnesses (surviving or securely attested):

1. c. 1510s–1530s (Italy, described 1539): Teseo Ambrogio (Theseus Ambrosius), Introductio in Chaldaicam… (Pavia, 1539), reports having seen at Rome “an image of our Savior cast in bronze with ‘Samaritan’ letters,” with a reverse legend he paraphrases as Messias rex venit in pace, Deus homo factus est (vel incarnatus est). This is the earliest explicit notice of the Hebrew/Samaritan-letter Christ medal type known to Renaissance humanists in Italy.

2. 1553 (Lyon; Italianate repertory, printed witness): Guillaume Rouillé (Roville), Prontuario delle medaglie (Seconda parte), p. 9, engraves a Christ bust medal with the name “Jesus in Hebrew letters” in the field, and the surrounding Latin formula CHRISTVS REX VENIT IN PACE DEVS HOMO FACTVS EST. This printed image is widely taken to reflect an actual medal already in circulation before 1553.

3. 1605 (Zurich, humanist antiquarian witness with plates): Caspar Waser, De antiquis numis Hebraeorum… (1605), includes discussion and figures of Hebrew-lettered pieces; his book is one of the earliest learned repertories to register the type in Protestant scholarship.

4. Later 16th–17th c. variants: Hill records large medals and medallions with Hebrew obverse words across the Christ bust (e.g., יהוה ישו across the field; reverse with a longer Hebrew sentence on the Incarnation). While some of these are later and sometimes German in style, they witness the continued Hebrew-letter Jesus name on the obverse as an established convention.

5. Contextual precursor for script interest (1538): Guillaume Postel, Linguarum duodecim… introductio (Paris, 1538), popularized Samaritan/Hebrew alphabets and illustrated “Hebrew” coins; this helped make Semitic scripts visible to Italian and French designers just before Rouillé’s 1553 prints.

6. (For a compact modern digest of the nineteenth–twentieth-century literature on these medals, see the Hungarian survey that assembles Ambrogio, Waser, Germain de Maidy, Hill, and others.)

Reading the obverse as one continuous name

On the medal type engraved by Rouillé (1553), G. F. Hill notes that the obverse shows “the name ‘Jesus’ in Hebrew letters (with points) in the field,” surrounded by the Latin formula. Nothing in that printed witness requires splitting the obverse into two separate words; the natural reading is a continuous אישו across the portrait, exactly as you argue.

Probable Italian origin and channels

The balance of evidence points to an Italian, Renaissance humanist origin for the אישו obverse convention:

a) Earliest notice in Italy (1539) and earliest printed image (Lyon, 1553) both sit within the Italian/French humanist production circuit (Rome–Ferrara–Venice for Ambrogio’s observation; Lyon’s Italianate press for Rouillé).

b) Pre-Rouillé alphabet books (Postel 1538) made Hebrew/Samaritan letterforms fashionable for medal designers and book illustrators ca. 1538–1553.

c) Antiquarian consolidation (Waser 1605) shows the type quickly entering learned numismatic discourse after mid-century, consistent with an origin a few decades earlier in Italian centers where Hebrew studies were in vogue.

What it does not look like

i) Not a Crusader import. There is no medieval Crusader-era material witness for a Christ bust medal with Hebrew אישו across the face. The first textual and printed witnesses are sixteenth-century humanist.

ii) Not derivative of surviving Talmud copies. Roman and Italian confiscations and burnings (Rome 1553; papal bull Cum sicut nuper, 1554) strongly disrupted the availability of rabbinic books. Whatever knowledge of the Jewish name circulated did so through humanist Hebraists, not by directly reproducing text copied out of Talmud editions.

What likely did feed the choice of spelling

Jewish usage (ישו / ישוע) in Italy was known to Christian Hebraists. Humanists had ample exposure to Hebrew names through grammar books, catechisms, and Jewish–Christian polemical texts in Italian libraries. The late-sixteenth-century Italian copies of Toledot Yeshu show that stories about Yeshu circulated locally. The medal designers did not need a Talmud exemplar to write אישו — the name was culturally available.

Orientalist vogue in scripts. Postel’s and Ambrogio’s works popularized non-Latin alphabets (Hebrew, Samaritan, Syriac) among engravers and printers; medals with Hebrew אישו fit precisely this fashion.

(Possible) Syriac awareness. It has been suggested that while the form Ishoʿ (ܝܫܘܥ) is Syriac, Italians accessed East- and West-Syrian sources through the same Orientalist networks. This does not determine the Hebrew spelling, but helps explain why a Semitic-letter “Jesus” on Christian objects felt culturally apt.

Development: from Italian prototypes to northern reproductions

After the initial Italian phase (attested 1539; engraved 1553), the type persists and morphs:

Late 16th–17th c.: Large medals continue to place a Hebrew Jesus across the bust (sometimes paired with the Tetragrammaton), and longer Hebrew theological statements on the reverse; workmanship and letterforms show German and other northern hands as the type spreads.

Antiquarian codification (1605): Waser’s treatise stabilizes learned knowledge of Hebrew-letter medals, ensuring their description and reproduction in early numismatic literature.

Timeline (concise)
  • c. 1510s–1530s (observed; published 1539): Ambrogio reports a Christ medal with Semitic letters (Italy).
    Internet Archive

    1538: Postel popularizes Samaritan/Hebrew alphabets and coins in print.
    Internet Archive

    1553: Rouillé engraves the Christ bust with the Hebrew name in the field and CHRISTVS REX VENIT IN PACE… around (Seconda parte, p. 9). Most economical reading of the field letters = continuous אישו.
    Wikimedia Commons

    Later 16th–17th c.: Hebrew-letter Christ medals proliferate; some with יהוה ישו across the obverse; longer Hebrew reverses; northern imitations appear.
    Wikimedia Commons

    1605: Waser’s De antiquis numis Hebraeorum… (Zurich) catalogues and illustrates Hebrew-lettered pieces, entrenching the type in scholarly numismatics.
    e-rara
A note on אישוש (“confirmation”)

For completeness: אישוש is standard Modern Hebrew for “confirmation / corroboration / strengthening,” (= the Orthodox/Catholic ceremony) not a personal name and not part of the early-modern numismatic dossier. Its dictionary status is clear in contemporary Hebrew lexica and usage notes. It has no known connection to the sixteenth-century medals under discussion.

If we hold to the obverse reading as a single continuous אישו, the historical picture is coherent: the usage was born in the Italian humanist encounter with Hebrew/Samaritan scripts, first noticed in Rome and printed at Lyon in an Italianate repertory by 1553. From there it developed into a durable medallic convention—copied, commented upon, and re-engraved in later decades—without needing Crusader provenance or direct dependence on Talmud copies. The simplest account is also the best-evidenced one: אישו on Christ medals is a sixteenth-century Italian invention that quickly went pan-European through print and antiquarian networks.




Stephan Huller

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Aug 22, 2025, 2:05:57 PMAug 22
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Another reason I am asking this question is that my late friend Tjitze Baarda (I do miss him on days like today especially): 

Marmardji It was only seven years later that A.-S. MARMARDJI , in the fourth chapter " Qui est l'auteur de la traduction arabe du Diatessaron ? " of his introduction to the edition of the Arabic Diatessaron , 47 con- tradicted the conclusion of SBATH . Trying to solve the problem MARMARDJI scrutinized the text itself of the Arabic Diatessaron , and he drew the following conclusions concerning the author of the work : a . he was a Syriac speaking person ( " Araméen " ) in view of the Syriasms , 48 b . he was a Nestorian , in view of his transcription of the name of c . Jesus : 49 إيسوع and ء he was a native of Assyria or Iraq , in view of some idioms that point to the region of Mossul or Bagdad , eg معتزلة instead of فريسيين " Pharisees " . 50 One would be inclined to think that the result of this investigation was in complete agreement with the data of Mss . B and S , to which now could also be added the testimony of Ms. E , a manuscript that was used by MARMARDJI in establishing his Arabic text  https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ki9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA70&dq=%22Ms.+E+,+a+manuscript+that+was+used+by+MARMARDJI+in%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjAuOv0_56PAxXFCTQIHYIoFoMQ6AF6BAgIEAM

This is another survival of the Jesus name spelled alif (with hamza below) ya sin. So I am looking for Arabic or other survival of this form. 

Thank you

Stephan

Alexander Treiger

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Aug 22, 2025, 5:05:01 PMAug 22
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Dear Stephan,

From my experience, the spelling إيسوع (with the initial long /i/ and a sin) is characteristic of Melkite literature from Antioch (nothing to do with Nestorianism - East Syriac writers in Arabic usually used shin, not sin, following the Syriac).

Mu'tazila is a common translation of "Pharisees" in several Arabic Gospel translations. See Kashouh, Arabic Versions, 139, 172, 418, 549, 576; Christian Blumenthal, “Muʿtazila in der arabischen Bibelübersetzung des Bišr b. al-Sirrī,” Arabica 65 (2018): 314-330.

Best wishes,
Alexander

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Stephan Huller

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Aug 22, 2025, 5:18:46 PMAug 22
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Thank you

On your last point. I saw this.


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image.png

Stephan Huller

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Aug 23, 2025, 1:53:52 PMAug 23
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I notice the specific form إيشوع also exists. Do we have any knowledge what manuscripts/traditions this is limited to?  I am particularly intrigued by Abd al Jabbar's Jewish Christians using this form see footnote:

 https://books.google.com/books?id=LdJKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74&dq=%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9+jesus&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwimop7Kv6GPAxWFLTQIHQuTEUQQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9%20jesus&f=false



https://books.google.com/books?id=EicAYwbdUckC&q=%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9&dq=%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjm-e6svqGPAxU9ITQIHdjiGHgQ6AF6BAgGEAM#%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B9

Alexander Treiger

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Aug 23, 2025, 1:56:49 PMAug 23
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إيشوع is mainly East-Syriac (Church of the East), as far as I know.



Stephan Huller

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Aug 23, 2025, 2:41:50 PMAug 23
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Thank you. Sorry do you think is in general an over-statement to suggest Al Jabbar's testimony about Jewish Christians using ایش neutralizes the argument that all forms derive from the Greek Iesous. Tal Ilan's recent publication of a אישוא בר מרים ? https://books.google.com/books?id=1Rx3EQAAQBAJ&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA102&dq=%22%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%22+jesu&hl=en&source=gb_mobile_entity&ovdme=1#v=onepage&q=%22%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%22%20jesu&f=false

Alexander Treiger

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Aug 23, 2025, 3:02:46 PMAug 23
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Jesus' disciples and many of the earliest Christian communities established by them spoke Aramaic, the main spoken language of much of the Middle East at the time, and the forms of Jesus' name common in Arabic go back to Aramaic (not to Greek).
Having said that, the New Testament is written in Greek. When the Gospels and other New Testament writings were translated into Arabic (the process begins in earnest in the 8th-9th centuries, though some scholars have proposed earlier dates), this was done either directly from Greek or from Syriac (a dialect of Aramaic) or, less frequently, Coptic or Latin. 
Yet, the Arabic translators were familiar with the Aramaic-based pronunciation of Jesus' name (and other proper names and terms) and usually used these Aramaic-into-Arabic forms even if they were translating texts directly from Greek.

As for 'Abd al-Jabbar, he spent his entire life in Iraq and Iran, so it's not surprising that the way he spells Jesus' name in Arabic (إيشوع) reflects the pronunciation of the Christian church native to these regions, i.e., the Church of the East.

I hope this makes sense!
Alexander


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Stephan Huller

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Aug 23, 2025, 3:13:14 PMAug 23
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Very useful indeed, thank you. Canucks are always the best. Just one last point you don't think then that ایش is the specific form used by the Jewish Christian communities he was reporting on or that the evidence is uncertain? 

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Stephan Huller

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Aug 23, 2025, 3:17:49 PMAug 23
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Sorry I am the sloppy sort of Canadian. Apologies. I meant to ask you don't think then that  إيشوع   is the specific form used by the Jewish Christian communities he was reporting on or that the evidence is uncertain? 

 

Stephan Huller

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Aug 23, 2025, 3:23:58 PMAug 23
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Ignore my question. Thank you. 

aldeeb sami

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Aug 23, 2025, 6:55:31 PMAug 23
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I am now preparing a book about المرشدية Syria Murshidi
Those who are interested in this new religion can find my draft here:

I am now looking for the following book:
 جورج بطرس دكر: مدعي الألوهية في القرن العشرين، او، سليمان مرشد رب الجوبة، اللاذقية، مطابع الكشاف، 1947
I know that it is available in Stanford University Libraries
But as I have not SUNet Id, I cannot obtain it.
I will be thankful if you have it and accept to share it with me.

Best regards.

Dr. Sami Aldeeb
Centre de droit arabe et musulman
Ochettaz 17
CH-1025 Saint-Sulpice
Tél. fixe: 0041 21 6916585 - Mobile et Whatsapp: 0041 78 9246196
Site - Academia.edu - Hiwar - Paypal - Wikipedia - Youtube - skype: sami.aldeeb


Maciej C

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Aug 24, 2025, 7:20:26 PM (14 days ago) Aug 24
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Hi.

Thank you for your draft. I cannot help you with the book, I have no access to any library, but I will be happy to read your work, because it's only that I had a Murshidi friend that I ever heard of their existence. I was never told anywhere such a group exists. So thanks again for taking on this topic!

Yours, Maciek

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aldeeb sami

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Aug 24, 2025, 8:41:33 PM (14 days ago) Aug 24
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Thank you for your message and your encouragement.

This new religious group has between 300,000 and 500,000 followers in Syria and is threatened with extermination, just like the Druze and the Alawites, by the current Islamist authorities put in power in Syria by the West and Israel. This is why I am working on it, for humanitarian reasons.

I hope that readers of this message will be able to obtain for me the book in question: https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/9620839

I work about ten hours a day on this book and I submit the new version almost daily at https://www.academia.edu/143534121. Although it is in Arabic, you may translate it in any other language using Google translator


Dr. Sami Aldeeb
Centre de droit arabe et musulman
Ochettaz 17
CH-1025 Saint-Sulpice
Tél. fixe: 0041 21 6916585 - Mobile et Whatsapp: 0041 78 9246196
Site - Academia.edu - Hiwar - Paypal - Wikipedia - Youtube - skype: sami.aldeeb

Maciej C

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Aug 24, 2025, 9:46:44 PM (14 days ago) Aug 24
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Hi

Thank you. Yes, the friend was informing me of bad situation, but I hoped it will become better in time.

I do speak Arabic, so I can read it directly, thank you.

Yours, MC

To view this discussion visit https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/nascas/1792099240.1054696.1756082396638%40mail.yahoo.com.
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