Re: A Beautiful Mind Hindi Dubbed Mobile Movie
Celena Holtzberg
n Dec. 5, 1994, Vice President Al Gore announced the opening of what was to be called the greatest auction ever. The Government was selling off licenses that would allow companies to set up mobile phone networks using particular sections of the radio spectrum. Three months later, when bidding had concluded, the Treasury was $7 billion richer, and the auction was proclaimed a resounding success. However, the most important aspect of the auction was not so much the amount of money raised, but rather that it was organized according to an innovative and revolutionary principle and was a concrete vindication of game theory, one of the most important developments in modern economics.
''A Beautiful Mind'' is a biography of John Forbes Nash Jr., the brilliant mathematician who laid the foundations of game theory in 1949 at the age of 21. Sylvia Nasar, who writes about economics for The New York Times, describes in some detail the complex theory that ultimately led to a Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994; but more important, she has written a touching account of a man caught between genius and madness. For three decades Nash suffered from severe bouts of paranoid schizophrenia, and as a result he spent extended periods in mental hospitals, he lost his family and, worst of all for a mathematician, he could no longer solve profound problems.
Nash arrived at Princeton in 1948. Fine Hall was the home of the university's mathematics department, and each day at half past three some of the finest minds on the planet would gather for afternoon tea. Eccentricity was the order of the day, and the newcomer fitted in perfectly. He took a particular liking to the board games played at teatime, such as go, backgammon, chess and kriegspiel (a form of chess in which each player is unaware of the other's moves), and soon invented a game of his own. ''Nash,'' or ''John,'' is an example of a two-person zero-sum game with perfect information. That is to say, if one player wins, then the other must lose (zero-sum), and at each stage both players are aware of the state of play (perfect information). The study of such games and how to devise winning strategies had been the passion of one of Princeton's greatest luminaries, John von Neumann. Nash became fascinated by von Neumann's research and went on to take it to an even more sophisticated level.
One analysis is as follows: If your partner is going to betray you, then you should certainly betray him. This sentences you to only three years, as opposed to five years. Alternatively, if your partner is going to remain loyal, then you should still betray him. This would allow you to go free, rather than being sentenced to one year in jail. You do not know if your partner is going to betray you or remain loyal, but in either case it seems that you should betray him.
Although this is a perfectly logical conclusion, it is, in a way, absurd. Your partner will probably think the same way as you, and so you will end up betraying each other, and both of you will spend three years in jail. However, it would clearly be a better overall strategy if both of you remained loyal, in which case you would both spend only a year in jail. The question is, how can two parties cooperate to achieve a mutually beneficial result when betrayal is such a tempting strategy?
In a paper written when he was a graduate student, Nash outlined a radical new approach to problems like the Prisoner's Dilemma, involving the so-called Nash equilibrium. It was Nash's greatest mathematical creation. In decades to come it would be applied to economic situations, but initially its implications were largely overlooked, except by the military, which used it to help develop a cold war strategy. In theory, if the superpowers could find a way of cooperating, then this would lead to a reduction in weapons and to cost savings for both sides.
Lack of recognition from economists for his game-theory research encouraged Nash to move on to other areas of research, and over the next decade he fearlessly attacked a whole range of problems from pure number theory to cosmology. On one occasion he developed a theory describing how gravity fields could generate a form of friction on photons and tried to convince Einstein of his ideas. His theory was flawed, but it is a testament to the extraordinary audacity of Nash, a mathematician with a limited knowledge of physics, that he dared to challenge Einstein on his home territory.
In the first few weeks of 1959, at the age of 30, Nash suddenly and tragically made the transition between eccentricity and madness. He accused one mathematician of entering his office to steal his ideas. He began to hear alien messages and spoke of the urgent need to establish a single world government. When he was offered a prestigious chair at the University of Chicago, he declined because he said he was planning to become Emperor of Antarctica. Initially his wife, Alicia, and his colleagues tried to cover up the problems, particularly since M.I.T. was also considering him for his first tenured position, but by April his behavior had become so disturbed that he was committed to McLean Hospital in Belmont, Mass., where it was determined he was schizophrenic. For the next 30 years he would make a series of temporary recoveries, return to his home, lapse and then be forced back into a mental hospital.
As each decade passed, the treatments varied. In 1961 for six weeks, five days a week, Nash was injected with insulin to induce a comatose state. If blood-sugar levels dropped too low, patients would suffer spontaneous seizures, sometimes biting their tongues and occasionally breaking bones. Nash described the treatment as torture. The theory was that starving the brain of sugar would kill marginally functioning brain cells, but the therapy was soon phased out because it was considered too expensive and dangerous. The alternative was electroshock therapy. Nash's colleagues and family refused to allow this treatment on the grounds that there was evidence that it numbed the brain, and they believed that the ultimate nightmare for Nash would be to lose his genius.
NASAR documents in detail the years leading up to Nash's schizophrenia, including his father's death, the birth of an illegitimate son, his arrest for indecent exposure, his marriage and lack of recognition, but the exact cause of his breakdown remains a mystery. Equally puzzling is that in the late 1980's he made a remarkable recovery. During his absence from the sane world his ideas had been accepted and were beginning to be implemented. His return to academic research was marked by a series of accolades, including the most prestigious of all, the Nobel Prize, for the work he had done on game theory back in the 1940's.
Although I would have appreciated a clearer and longer description of game theory, ''A Beautiful Mind'' tells a moving story and offers a remarkable look into the arcane world of mathematics and the tragedy of madness.
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Abeautiful mind will be able to discuss opposing views and ideas. Truly be able to show appreciation for their opposing view andacceptance on why it exists. Beautiful minds are able to discusstheir points of view with clarity and consistency.
Giveyourself a few seconds before you respond and think kindly. Thisallows you to take a moment and think about how to word something ina way that accepts what the person is saying but also give anopposing view with clear structure.
Ifyour immediate reaction is to be judgemental on a person and how theylive their life maybe choose to instead give praise for the parts oftheir life that you believe to be wonderful. Alternatively ask themwhy they live there life with that part to better understand ratherthan judge.
Learnmanners. Being polite and calm when communicating opposing views isvital to hold the persons attention. If you immediately go into adefensive mode the conversation has been lost. No one wants to talkto an aggressor remember.
This movie is a wonderful example of the application of the principles of conscious control, applied, it is true, to solve quite an unusual problem. Unfortunately all schizophrenics cannot give such a solution to their illness. There are personality and nervous system disorders which render conscious work impossible. Like, for example, the schizophrenic who was chosen before Pr Nash to be the subject of this movie but had to be put aside because he was on all newspapers covers for having murdered his wife when thought treated.
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