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Thermal management is critical to a number of technologies used in a microgravity environment and in Earth-based systems. Examples include electronic cooling, power generation systems, metal forming and extrusion, and HVAC (heating, venting, and air conditioning) systems. One technique that can deliver the large heat fluxes required for many of these technologies is two-phase heat transfer. This type of heat transfer is seen in the boiling or evaporation of a liquid and in the condensation of a vapor. Such processes provide very large heat fluxes with small temperature differences. Our research program is directed toward the development of a new, two-phase heat transfer cell for use in a microgravity environment. In this paper, we consider the main technology used in this cell, a novel technique for the atomization of a liquid called vibration-induced droplet atomization. In this process, a small liquid droplet is placed on a thin metal diaphragm that is made to vibrate by an attached piezoelectric transducer. The vibration induces capillary waves on the free surface of the droplet that grow in amplitude and then begin to eject small secondary droplets from the wave crests. In some situations, this ejection process develops so rapidly that the entire droplet seems to burst into a small cloud of atomized droplets that move away from the diaphragm at speeds of up to 50 cm/s. By incorporating this process into a heat transfer cell, the active atomization and transport of the small liquid droplets could provide a large heat flux capability for the device. Experimental results are presented that document the behavior of the diaphragm and the droplet during the course of a typical bursting event. In addition, a simple mathematical model is presented that qualitatively reproduces all of the essential features we have seen in a burst event. From these two investigations, we have shown that delayed droplet bursting results when the system passes through a resonance
Traditional PC serial ports, based on members of the 8250/16550 UART families (or their clones within SuperIO chips) support some unusual serial data formats, specifically 5- and 6-bit data, and 1.5 stop bits.
Some USB-Serial adaptors (Prolific) claim to support these formats, some (FTDI) only offer 7 and 8 bit data. I don't think many microcontroller UARTs support 5 or 6 bit data either, though it's time-consuming to research that.
My own experience stretches fairly well back into the distance past, but I cannot recall ever having seen anything use a 5- or 6-bit serial data format. I would say that 7-bit data formats are old-fashioned and tend to come from the 80s or earlier, and that 5/6 bit formats are nothing more than an historical curiosity.
I'd like to recommend to a project I'm involved in which interfaces to serial ports that we drop support (or at least test coverage) for 5- and 6-bit data and 1.5 stop bits. It would be useful to establish whether anyone knows of any application for these which is still in service.
As far back as the early 1900s (believe it or not) there were teletypewriters. They were intended to replace Morse-style telegraphy, directly printing hardcopy rather than requiring an operator to listen to the Morse code and transcribe the messages by hand.
The first successful such equipment was invented by a man named Baudot. He also invented the five-bit character code that his machines used. (See ["Baudot code"]) Later, a different five-bit (or "five-level") code was developed that made it easier to build a mechanical typewriter-like keyboard that would generate the code. The most successful such code was called ITA2.
These networks have almost completely faded away. Some ham radio operators still use Radio Teletype (RTTY) and they do still use the five-bit codes, partly due to tradition, partly for efficiency (they need fewer bits to send a character than the modern 8-bit codes). But this is most often done using computers as terminals, not ancient teletypewriters like the Model 15. A few of the die-hards do keep some of the old machines running.
Most old Teletype machines with three rows of keyboard keys (instead of the four that were common on typewriters) used these five-bit codes. They only needed three rows on the keyboard because numbers and special characters were shifted from the alphabetic keys. Two keys labeled "Figs" and, I believe, "Ltrs" sent the "shift in" and "shift out" codes. If you hear somebody talking about "three row" teletype machines, this is what they're referring to.
As for six-bit codes, the most common use (at least in terms of async serial communications) was probably the "TeleTypesetter" (TTS) code. I say this because virtually every newspaper that subscribed to a wire service (like AP or UPI) was equipped to receive it, usually with multiple feeds.
The TTS code was a clear descendant of the five-bit codes like ITA2. Despite having six bits it still used "shift in" and "shift out" codes (like the Baudot code family did), permitting TTS to carry over 100 different glyphs (printable characters) and control commands. So it included upper and lower case alphabets, digits, a large assortment of special characters ("Wingdings" - far more than what you'd find on a typical typewriter), plus typesetting-oriented commands like "flush left" (which means "end a paragraph and justify the last line to the left"), center, and flush right.
In the old days, news wire services like AP and UPI (and smaller local ones, like City News Service) would send stories to their member newspapers via this code, over dedicated leased telephone lines. In each newspaper's "wire room" the copy would be printed on a keyboard-less TeleType Model 20 (so the editors could read and select the stories), and also fed to a "reperforator" (paper tape punch). There was one such pair of machines for each wire service the paper subscribed to.
Between each story the wire services would send a bunch of NULs (which would punch essentially blank tape, with only the feed holes), then a bunch of characters that would print as nonsense but would punch out the next-following Story ID on the tape in block letters, followed by more NULs. This made it relatively easy to find the section of tape that corresponded to the following printed copy. It also helped in identifying the correct direction and orientation for the paper tape, as the six-level tape was symmetric about the feed holes! But close inspection of the feed holes gave another way to tell the direction: They "led" the data holes slightly, so the back edge of a feed hole corresponded to the center line of the data holes it went with.
The tape for selected stories could then be fed directly to a Linotype machine equipped with a "Teletypesetter Operating Unit", which was a paper tape reader connected to a metal box that was placed on top of the Linotype's keyboard. The box was conceptually very simple: It had a solenoid for each of the Linotype's keys and it simply "pressed the keys" as the tape was read. The result, just as when a human was typing, was cast metal type that could be put on a press, inked up, and printed.
It was possible to edit the story before typesetting by using a TTS Teletype machine, tape reader, and tape punch ("reperforator"). The tape would be duplicated until the desired edit point was reached, then the operator could type additional text. Or to skip things, they would advance the original tape without copying it to the new tape.
A radio or TV station's news operation would have the model 20 Teletype, but no reperforator or Linotype. Copy from the Teletype would be torn off and handed to editors who turned it into the (generally much shorter) stories the anchors would read. In small stations the on-air news readers also did the writing. Eventually the wire services offered feeds already edited for radio or TV, used by smaller stations that didn't want to hire news copy editors.
The Teletype machines and paper tape punches ran nearly continuously, as stories were updated and reposted throughout the day. Ear protection was a good idea in the wire room! To this day, a few "all news" radio stations use the sound of one of those machines pounding out copy as background sound to their live on-air reporters.
In later years the incoming 6-bit signal was connected directly into a computer's serial port, stored on disk, and made available for review and editing via video terminals. After editing the computer would send the copy to a phototypesetter, resulting in nicely set type on photo paper.
(I spent a few years working for a newspaper with such equipment, based on HP 2100 minicomputers. We still had the reperforators but they were turned on only during the hour or so when we ran the nightly backups. Due to repetition on the feeds, almost all stories they wanted to use would be found already in the computer, but if need be they could find the tape for a missed story and read it via a paper tape reader attached to the computer. Incidentally our phototypesetters were made by Merganthaler, the same company that made Linotypes. The software system was called "Text II", from a company called Systems Development Corporation, based in Santa Monica.)
Virtually everything you ever saw printed in a newspaper with "AP", "UPI", or some other news "wire" service in the slug line came into the paper via systems like this. The local newspaper may, however, have edited the stories, sometimes significantly.
Around the late 70s, about the same time that I left the paper, AP was planning to offer a higher-speed network using eight-bit codes. So today, nearly 40 years later, I doubt that there's much if any of this six-bit TTS code left in use today - any more than there are five-bit ("three-row") teletype networks.
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