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Kaori Yoshino, Akinori Takahashi, Taiki Adachi, Daniel P. Costa, Patrick W. Robinson, Sarah H. Peterson, Luis A. Hückstädt, Rachel R. Holser, Yasuhiko Naito; Acceleration-triggered animal-borne videos show a dominance of fish in the diet of female northern elephant seals. J Exp Biol 1 March 2020; 223 (5): jeb212936. doi:
Marine mammals play an important role in marine ecosystems as major consumers of a wide variety of prey (Estes et al., 2016). Knowledge regarding when, where and on what type of prey marine mammals feed is fundamental to understand their roles in marine ecosystems and their responses to marine environmental changes (Costa et al., 2012; Miloslavich et al., 2018; Bax et al., 2019). Recent developments in bio-logging technologies have allowed us to obtain information about when and where marine mammals feed on their prey. For example, animal-borne satellite transmitters or GPS loggers are routinely used to identify hotspots where marine mammals focus their foraging (Block et al., 2011; Costa et al., 2012; Hussey et al., 2015). In addition, instruments such as stomach temperature loggers or accelerometers attached to the head or jaw of animals identify when animals capture and consume prey, at a fine temporal scale (Kuhn et al., 2009; Naito et al., 2013; Guinet et al., 2014). However, these technologies are not able to identify what type of prey marine mammals consume in the open ocean.
Marine mammal diet has been studied by various techniques, such as stomach content analysis, scat content or scat DNA analysis, stable isotopes and fatty acid analyses (reviewed in Tollit et al., 2010). Stomach content analysis allows the direct assessment of prey that was consumed by marine mammals (Antonelis et al., 1987, 1994; Field et al., 2007). However, this method has inherent biases toward prey with hard parts and recently consumed items (Harvey and Antonelis, 1994). Similarly, scat content analysis has been widely used but also presents challenges to identify prey items that are highly digested as well as inherent biases toward prey items with hard parts (Gales and Cheal, 1992; Tollit et al., 2010). More recently, scat DNA analysis has been developed to help address the identification and bias issues, but there are still unavoidable limitations as only recently consumed items will be present in scat. Stable isotope (Cherel et al., 2008; Hückstädt et al., 2012) and fatty acid analyses (Bradshaw et al., 2003) allow us to estimate the diet that is consumed (and incorporated) over a relatively long period, though some necessary information such as isotopic and fatty acid signatures of prey are often difficult to obtain, limiting the ability to precisely estimate the diet composition (but see Goetsch et al., 2018). Hence, new developments are still necessary to identify the types of prey that marine mammals feed on at sea, and these should operate at a temporal resolution that matches the behavioral data on where and when they feed.
Composition of prey types of adult female northern elephant seals from Año Nuevo, California, in relation to feeding depth, observed using animal-borne video cameras. Color codes indicate fish (black), cephalopod (grey) and unknown prey items (white).
Composition of prey types of adult female northern elephant seals from Año Nuevo, California, in relation to in situ water temperature, observed using animal-borne video cameras. Color codes indicate fish (black), cephalopod (grey) and unknown prey items (white).
Our results indicate that fish largely dominate the diet of post-breeding female northern elephant seals (Fig. 2). Our data offer a contrasting view to previous studies that, based on stomach contents, reported a higher occurrence of cephalopods than fish (cephalopods and teleosts found in 112 and 75 out of 193 stomach contents, respectively; Antonelis et al., 1987, 1994). Stomach contents analysis has an inherent bias toward hard parts such as squid beaks that tend to be retained in the stomach, which likely explains the discrepancy (Harvey and Antonelis, 1994). More recently, Goetsch et al. (2018), based on quantitative fatty acid signature analysis, reported that fish and squid comprised 63.7% and 36.3% of population level diet of female northern elephant seals, respectively, and that energy-rich mesopelagic fish are important in the diet. This finding is consistent with our results.
Previous studies suggested that southern elephant seals, the congeneric species of northern elephant seals in the southern hemisphere, feed on both fish and cephalopods (Daneri et al., 2000; Daneri and Carlini, 2002; Bradshaw et al., 2003; Field et al., 2007; Cherel et al., 2008). Daneri and Carlini (2002) found more cephalopods than fish in stomach content samples (98.1% and 14.8%, respectively) at King George Island, with myctophids as the most dominant (76.6%) fish group. Similarly, Field et al. (2007) reported a higher occurrence of squid than fish remains in the stomach content samples (100% and 75.9%, respectively) at Macquarie Island. However, Cherel et al. (2008) concluded that southern elephant seals in the Kerguelen Islands fed mainly on mesopelagic fish, especially myctophids, based on stable isotope analysis of blood samples. Similarly, northern elephant seals had a higher occurrence of cephalopods reported from stomach content analyses (Antonelis et al., 1987, 1994), in contrast to a higher occurrence of fish as determined by quantitative fatty acid (Goetsch et al., 2018) and video analyses (present study). Recently, McGovern et al. (2019) obtained head-mounted video records from five female southern elephant seals at Peninsula Valdes, Argentina, and reported a few fish species (myctophids, smelt, dragonfish), but no squid, in the video records. However, no quantitative descriptions on the composition of fish species were available in McGovern et al. (2019). These results suggest that the diet of northern and southern elephant seals is broadly similar. It appears that there may be some geographical variation in the relative importance of fish versus squid in the diet of southern elephant seals, though methodological differences between studies make quantitative assessments difficult.
We thank members of the Costa Laboratory as well as the many field assistants at the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC), the rangers and docents at Año Nuevo State Park, who provided invaluable support during field work, the Little Leonardo team for manufacturing video cameras, and Dr Tetsuo Iwami and Dr Tsunemi Kubodera for their help with fish and squid identification.
Yellowstone National Park officials say a bull bison tossed a 9-year-old Florida girl into the air when the animal charged a group of about 50 tourists. Park officials say the bison rushed the group Monday after some of the tourists approached to within 5 to 10 feet of the animal over at least 20 minutes.
Injuries of tourists by bison and other wildlife occur regularly in Yellowstone, which gets about 4 million visitors annually. Last year, a California woman was gored by a bull bison in the park after a crowd of visitors got too close to the animal.
The National Park Service (NPS) advises visitors should never be less than 25 yards from most wildlife. Predators like wolves and bears require greater caution and a minimum distance of 100 yards. The NPS rule of thumb is, "If you cause an animal to move, you're too close," noting that it is "illegal to willfully remain near or approach wildlife, including birds, within any distance that disturbs or displaces the animal."
What saved him was a stroke of luck. While he waved his poles in the air with one hand and frantically dug in his pack for his bear spray with the other, his friend, in his own moment of panic, was attempting to bury himself with loose rocks at the foot of a nearby cliff. The bear heard the rocks clacking, saw Mosteller waving poles and acting strangely, and decided to turn and race up the mountain back to its cub.
An animal hospital in Surrey, B.C., is suing a former client over a series of critical TikTok videos she posted about her dog's treatment, with the vet claiming the woman's "reprehensible" viral posts are damaging the business's reputation.
The clinic's lawyers said Veira posted the videos on TikTok with "reckless indifference" to the facts. They said Veira understood TikTok has an immense reach and leveraged the platform with multiple posts to "maximize" damage to the clinic's reputation.
"Everyone's a publisher now and the result of that is that we're seeing more and more people defamed with a much wider reach on platforms like TikTok," said Daniel Reid, co-chair of the defamation and privacy group at the Harper Grey law firm.
Rachel, also known as @trashywashyy on TikTok, posted her most recent viral video to the platform over the weekend. A head lice removal specialist based in Australia, she begins her video, which has been viewed nearly 3 million times since posting, with a content warning for those squeamish around bugs and blood.
Rachel then concludes the video with close-up footage of her "popping" the lice, or killing the live bugs left after the treatment. Viewers can clearly hear and see the lice getting squashed under a glass cup.
"A lice is an INSECT," one concerned viewer wrote in the comments. "*This is not animal abuse* squashes bug," another criticized. One person even boldly proclaimed that as a member of the "animal kingdom" the lice should not be "abused" in this way.
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