Урок 15
Aahamapi vanaṃ gacchāmīti vadantaṃ lakṣmaṇaṃ pariṣvajamāno rāmo ‘manyata – [While] embracing Lakṣmaṇa who were speaking, “I also go to the forest”, Rāma thought:
priyāṃ vanagamanātpūrvaṃ paśyāmīti – I will see my dear before going to the forest.
evaṃ cintayitvā sītāpatiḥ sītāṃ draṣṭuṃ gataḥ - So having thought Sītā’s husband went to see Sītā.
sītāpyāgacchantaṃ vivarṇavadanaṃ bhartāraṃ dṛṣṭvā cintayā bādhyamānaivamabravīt – Sītā, having seen his husband coming with a pale face, thus said being oppressed by anxiety:
etādṛśasya śokasya kāraṇamucyatāmiti – Let it be said reason of such a grief.
evamukto daśarathatanayo ‘bravīt – Addressed thus Daśaratha’s son said:
purā rājñā satyapratijñena daśarathena kaikeyyai mahāvarau dattau – Long ago the two great boons were given to Kaikeyī by the honest king Daśaratha.
adya mamābhiṣeke kriyamāṇe sā vadati – Today she say during my coronation:
prathamavareṇa caturdaśavarṣāṇi rāmeṇa daṇḍakāraṇya uṣyatām – Let the first boon be for Rāma to live in Daṇḍaka forest for fourteen years.
dvitīyena bharato yauvarājye ‘bhiṣicyatāmiti – Let the second be Bharata consecrated in the state of being heir apparent.
tato ‘hamadyaiva pitṛpratijñāmanusṛtyāyodhyāṃ parityajanvanaṃ gaccheyam – Then today I am abandoning Ayodhya and should go to the forest, having followed father’s vow.
tvayātraiva sthīyatām – You should stay here.
devapūjāṃ yathāvidhi sarvadā kurvatī bharataśatrughnau sevasveti – Always be making worship of lord in accordance with custom and serve to Bharata and Śatrugha.
Bahamapi vanaṃ gacchāmīti vadantaṃ lakṣmaṇaṃ pariṣvajamāno rāmo ‘manyata – [While] embracing Lakṣmaṇa who were speaking, “I also go to the forest”, Rāma thought:
>>> ahamapi vanaṃ gacchāmīti yo lakṣmaṇo ‘vadat taṃ rāmaḥ pariṣvajyāmanyata ca– [While] embracing Lakṣmaṇa who were speaking, “I also go to the forest”, Rāma thought:
aham I | prathamā
api (ind) also, too, even; question marker indefinitiser (with interrogative pronouns)
vanam forest | saptamī
gam (1P) go | ekavacana, uttamapuruṣa
iti quotation mark
lakṣmaṇaḥ (prop) | dvitīyā
vad (1P) speak | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
tat (pr) he | dvitīyā
rāmaḥ (prop) | prathamā
pari+svaj(1Ā) embrace | lyabanta
man (4Ā) think | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
ca (ind) and
sītāpyāgacchantaṃ vivarṇavadanaṃ bhartāraṃ dṛṣṭvā cintayā bādhyamānaivamabravīt – Sītā, having seen his husband coming with a pale face, thus said being oppressed by anxiety:
>>> yo ‘gacchad vivarṇavadano bhartā taṃ dṛṣṭvā cintayā bādhyate sītāpyevamabravītgam (1P) go | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
vivarṇa devoid of color + vadanam face = vivarṇavadanaḥ he who has a face devoid of color (bahuvrīhi) | prathamā | vigraha: vivarnaṃ vadanaṃ yasya saḥ (vivarṇavadanaḥ)
bhartṛ husband, lord | prathamā
tat (pr) he | dvitīyā
dṛś (4P) see, seem, appear (non-present form of paś) | tvānta
cintā care, worry, anxiety | tṛtīyā
bādh(1Ā) harass | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, karmaṇi prayoga
sītā (prop) | prathamā
api (ind) also, too, even; question marker indefinitiser (with interrogative pronouns)
evam(ind) thus, in this way
brū(2Ā) speak, tell | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
adya mamābhiṣeke kriyamāṇe sā vadati – Today she say during my coronation:
>>> yadādya mamābhiṣekaḥ arkiyata tadā sā vadatiadya (ind) today
aham I | ṣaṣṭhī
abhiṣekaḥ consecration, coronation | prathamā
kṛ (8P) do, make | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, karmaṇi prayoga, loṭ
tat (pr) he | strīliṅga, prathamā
vad (1P) speak | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa
tato ‘hamadyaiva pitṛpratijñāmanusṛtyāyodhyāṃ parityajanvanaṃ gaccheyam – Then today I am abandoning Ayodhya and should go to the forest, having followed father’s vow.
>>> tato ‘hamadyaiva pitṛpratijñāmanusṛtyāyodhyāṃ parityajeyaṃ vanaṃ gaccheyaṃ catataḥ (ind) hence, then
aham I | prathamā
adya (ind) today
eva (ind) emphatic particle, emphasizes preceding word
pitṛ father + pratijñā vow, promise = pitṛpratijñā father’s promise (tatpuruṣa) | dvitīyā | vigraha: pituḥ pratijñā
anu+sṛ(1P) follow | lyabanta
ayodhyā (prop) Daśaratha's capital city | dvitīyā
pari+tyaj(1P) abandon | ekavacana, uttamapuruṣa, vidhiliṅ
vanam forest | dvitīyā
gam (1P) go | ekavacana, uttamapuruṣa, vidhiliṅ
ca (ind) and
devapūjāṃ yathāvidhi sarvadā kurvatī bharataśatrughnau sevasveti – Always make a worship of lord in accordance with custom and serve to Bharata and Śatrugha.
>>> devapūjāṃ yathāvidhi sarvadā kuru bharataśatrughnau sevasvetidevaḥ god + pūjā worship, reverence = devapūjā worship of god (tatpuruṣa) | dvitīyā | vigraha: devāya pūjā
yathāvidhi (ind) in accordance with custom
sarvadā (ind) always
kṛ (8P) do, make | ekavacana, madhyamapuruṣa, loṭ
bharataḥ (prop) + bharataḥ (prop) = bharataśatrughnau (dvandva) | dvitīyā
sev(1Ā) attend to, serve | ekavacana, madhyamapuruṣa, loṭ
iti quotation mark
C.1evaṃ vadati rāme janakatanayā saṃkruddhā satyupahāsamakarot – While Rāma were speaking that, angry Janaka’s daughter were doing a satirical laughter.
āryaputra kiṃ bhāṣase – My lord, what are you talking about?
īdṛśaṃ vacanam na kadāpi tvādṛśā vīrā vaktumarhanti – Heroes like you should never say such words.
bharturvanaṃ gacchataḥ kathaṃ bhāryā nagare tiṣṭhediti – How can a wife stay in the city while husband goes to the forest?
evaṃ bruvatīṃ sītāṃ na netumaicchadrāmo vanaduḥkhāni cintayan – Rāma, who was thinking about forest’s sorrows did’n want to take Sītā who was speaking thus.
so ‘vadat – He said:
śṛṇu sīte – Listen, o Sītā.
vane vasatā janena bahuduḥkhānyanubhūyante – One experinces many sufferings while living in the forest.
vane siṃhādayo hiṃsrajantavaścaranti yathākāmam – Evil creatures, beginning with the lions wander in the forest in accordance with desire.
tatra ca santi bahūnyanyāni mārgaśramādīni duḥkhānīti – There are many other sorrows there, having a hard road for a beginning.
tadvacanaṃ śrutvā duḥkhitā sītāśrupūrṇanayanā punarabravīt – Having heard that words unhappy Sītā again said with eye full of tears.
he rāma – O, Rāma!
tvayā nirūpyamāṇāni duḥkhāni sukhānyeva bhaveyustvayā saha saṃcarantyā mama – Sorrows were describing by you may become joys when I go with you.
tvayi vanaṃ gate kathamiha jīveyam – How should I live here when you go to the forest?
tvayā tyaktāhaṃ viṣaṃ pibeyamaghinaṃ vā praviśeyam – Abandoned by you I will drink poison or enter in fire.
alamanena vacanena – Enough of this talk!
daṇḍakāraṇyaṃ gacchatā tvayā sahāhamāgacchāmīti – When you’ll go to the Daṇḍaka-forest I’ll come with you.
rāmo ‘pi tāṃ śocantīṃ pariṣvajya sāntvayannevāvadat – Having embraced and pacifying her grieving Rāma said:
sādhu priye sādhu – Wonderful, dear, wonderful!
yadi mayā sahāgantumicchasi tarhyāgaccheti – If you want to go with me then come.
C.2evaṃ vadati rāme janakatanayā saṃkruddhā satyupahāsamakarot – While Rāma were speaking that, angry Janaka’s daughter were doing a satirical laughter.
>>> yadā rāma evaṃ avadat tadā janakatanayā saṃkruddhā upahāsamakarot – When Rāma were speaking that, angry Janaka’s daughter were doing a satirical laughter.
evam(ind) thus, in this way
vad(1P) speak | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
rāmaḥ (prop) | saptamī, sati saptamī
janakaḥ (prop) name of Sītā’s father + tanayā daughter + janakatanayā Janaka’s daughter (tatpuruṣa) | prathamā | vigraha: janakasya tanayā
saṃkruddha angry | prathamā, strīliṅga
upahāsaḥ satirical laughter, ridicule | dvitīyā
kṛ (8P) do, make | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
bharturvanaṃ gacchataḥ kathaṃ bhāryā nagare tiṣṭhediti – How can a wife stay in the city while husband goes to the forest?
>>> yadā bhartā vanaṃ gacchati kathaṃ tadā bhāryā nagare tiṣṭhediti – How can a wife stay in the city while husband goes to the forest?
bhartṛ husband, lord | prathamā
vanam forest | dvitīyā
gam (1P) go | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa
katham (ind) how? How is it...?
bhāryā wife | prathamā
nagaram city | saptamī
sthā(1P) remain | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, vidhiliṅ
iti quotation mark
evaṃ bruvatīṃ sītāṃ na netumaicchadrāmo vanaduḥkhāni cintayan – Rāma, who was thinking about forest’s sorrows did’n want to take Sītā who was speaking thus.
>>> yā evaṃ abravīt sītāṃ tām na netumaicchadrāmo vanaduḥkhāni cintayitvā – Rāma, having thought about forest’s sorrows, did’n want to take Sītā who was speaking thus.
evam(ind) thus, in this way
brū(2Ā) speak, tell | vartamāne kṛdanta, strīliṅga, dvitīyā
sītā (prop) | dvitīyā
tat (pr) he | strīliṅga, dvitīyā
na (ind) negative particle
nī(1P) lead | tumannata
iṣ (6P) desire, wish want | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
vanam forest + duḥkham sorrow, misery = vanaduḥkham sorrows of the forest live (tatpuruṣa) | dvitīyā, bahuvacana | vigraha: vanād duḥkham
cint (10P) think, consider | tvānta
vane vasatā janena bahuduḥkhānyanubhūyante – One experinces many sufferings while living in the forest.
>>> yo vane vasati janena so bahuduḥkhānyanubhūyante – He, who lives in the forest experinces many sufferings.
vanam forest | saptamī
vas (1P) dwell | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa
janaḥ person; as collective noun – people; plural – folk | prathamā
tat (pr) he | prathamā
bahu many + duḥkham sorrow, misery = bahuduḥkham big sorrow (karmadhāraya) | bahuvacana, dvitīyā | vigraha: bahūni duḥkhāni
anu+bhū (1P) experience, feel | bahuvacana, prathamapuruṣa, karmaṇi prayoga
tvayā nirūpyamāṇāni duḥkhāni sukhānyeva bhaveyustvayā saha saṃcarantyā mama – Sorrows describing by you may become joys when I go with you.
>>> yāni duḥkhāni tvaṃ nirūpayasi tāni sukhānyeva bhaveyur yadyahaṃ tvayā saha saṃcarāmi – Sorrows you are describing may become joys if I go with you.
duḥkham sorrow, misery | bahuvacana, prathamā
tvam you | prathamā
niḥ+rūp(10P) see, perceive, foresee, describe | ekavacana, madhyamapuruṣa
sukham happiness, joy; (ind) happily | bahuvacana, prathamā
eva (ind) emphatic particle, emphasizes preceding word
bhū (1P) be, become | bahuvacana, prathamapuruṣa, vidhiliṅ
yadi (ind) if
aham I | prathamā
tvam you | tṛtīyā
saha (ind) with (used after tṛtīyā as marker of accompaniment)
saṃ+car(1P) go, walk | ekavacana, uttamapuruṣa
daṇḍakāraṇyaṃ gacchatā tvayā sahāhamāgacchāmīti – When you’ll go to the Daṇḍaka-forest I’ll come with you.
>>> yadi daṇḍakāraṇyaṃ gacchasi tvaṃ tarhi tvayā sahāhamāgacchāmīti – When you’ll go to the Daṇḍaka-forest I’ll come with you.
yadi (ind) if
daṇḍakam, daṇḍakaḥ (prop) name of a forest + araṇyam forest = daṇḍakāraṇyam Daṇḍaka-forest (karmadhāraya) | dvitīyā | vigraha: daṇḍakam araṇyam
gam(1P) go | ekavacana, madhyamapuruṣa
tvam you | prathamā
tarhi (ind) then
tvam you | tṛtīyā
saha (ind) with (used after tṛtīyā as marker of accompaniment)
aham I | prathamā
ā+gam (1P) come | ekavacana, uttamapuruṣa
iti quotation mark
rāmo ‘pi tāṃ śocantīṃ pariṣvajya sāntvayannevāvadat – Having embraced and pacifying her grieving Rāma said:
>>> yā śocati rāmastām api pariṣvajya asāntvayat avadad eva ca – She who grieve, Rāma having embraced her, pacified and said:
śuc(1P) grieve | vartamāne kṛdanta, strīliṅga, dvitīyā
rāmaḥ (prop) | prathamā
tat (pr) he | strīliṅga, dvitīyā
api (ind) also, too, even; question marker indefinitiser (with interrogative pronouns)
pari+svaj(1Ā) embrace | lyabanta
sāntv(10P) pacify, appease | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
vad(1P) speak | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
eva (ind) emphatic particle, emphasizes preceding word
ca (ind) and
D1. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa killed rākṣasa-s in the forest while (despite the fact that) the king of the rākṣasa-s was watching – paśyato rākṣasarājño rāmalakṣmaṇau vane rākṣasān ahatām
paś (4P) see | vartamāne kṛdanta, ṣaṣṭhī, anādaraṣaṣṭhī
rākṣasaḥ demon + rājan(m) king = rākṣasarājaḥ king of the demons (tatpuruṣa) | ṣaṣṭhī, anādaraṣaṣṭhī | vigraha: rākṣasāṇāṃ rājā
rāmaḥ (prop) + lakṣmaṇaḥ (prop) = rāmalakṣmaṇau Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa (dvandva) | dvivacana, ṣaṣṭhī | vigraha: rāmaścalakṣmaṇaśca
vanam forest | saptamī
rākṣasaḥ demon | bahuvacana, dvitīyā
han (2P) kill, strike | dvivacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
2. When the king speaks, everyone stands listening – vadati rājani sarve tiṣṭhanti śṛṇvantaḥ
rājan(m) king | ekavacana, saptamī, sati saptamī
vad(1P) speak | vartamāne kṛdanta, saptamī, sati saptamī
sarva each, all, every | bahuvacana, prathamā
sthā(1P) remain | bahuvacana, prathamapuruṣa
śru (5P) hear, hear about | vartamāne kṛdanta, bahuvacana, prathamā
3. The guru stands among the students who are reading books – gurus tiṣṭhati paṭhatsu pustakāni śiṣyeṣu
guru heavy; (m) teacher | prathamā
sthā(1P) remain | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa
paṭh(1P) read | vartamāne kṛdanta, bahuvacana, saptamī
pustakam book | bahuvacana, dvitīyā
śiṣyaḥ student | bahuvacana, saptamī
4. I cannot see the book that is being read by you – ahaṃ na paśyāmi pustakaṃ tvayā paṭhyat
aham I | prathamā
na (ind) negative particle
dṛś (4P) see, seem, appear (non-present form of paś) | ekavacana, uttamapuruṣa
pustakam book | dvitīyā
paṭh | vartamāne kṛdanta, napuṃsakaliṅga, prathamā, karmaṇi prayoga
5. When who is slain, do the people become free from fear? – hate ‘pi jano bhayamukto bhavati
hate
hata killed | dvivacana, dvitīyā
janaḥ person; as collective noun – people; plural – folk | bahuvacana, dvitīyā
bhayam fear + mukta free = bhayamuktaḥ one who is free from fear (bahuvrīhi) | prathamā | vigraha: bhayāt mukta yasya saḥ (bhayamuktaḥ)???
api (ind) also, too, even; question marker indefinitiser (with interrogative pronouns)
bhū (1P) be, become | bahuvacana, uttamapuruṣa
E1. Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa killed rākṣasa-s in the forest while (despite the fact that) the king of the rākṣasa-s was watching – paśyato rākṣasarājño rāmalakṣmaṇau vane rākṣasān ahatām
>>> yadā rāmalakṣmaṇau vane rākṣasān ahatām tadā rākṣasarājā apaśyat – When Rāma and Lakṣmana killed the demons in the forest demon’s king saw it.
yadā (ind) when, whenever
rāmaḥ (prop) + lakṣmaṇaḥ (prop) = rāmalakṣmaṇau Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa (dvandva) | dvivacana, ṣaṣṭhī | vigraha: rāmaścalakṣmaṇaśca
vanam forest | saptamī
rākṣasaḥ demon | bahuvacana, dvitīyā
han (2P) kill, strike | dvivacana, prathamapuruṣa, laṅ
tadā then (ind)
rākṣasaḥ demon + rājan(m) king = rākṣasarājaḥ king of the demons (tatpuruṣa) | ṣaṣṭhī, anādaraṣaṣṭhī | vigraha: rākṣasāṇāṃ rājā
paś (4P) see | vartamāne kṛdanta, ṣaṣṭhī, anādaraṣaṣṭhī
2. When the king speaks, everyone stands listening – vadati rājani sarve tiṣṭhanti śṛṇvantaḥ
>>> yadi rājā vadati tarhi sarve tiṣḥtanti śṛṇvanti ca - When the king speaks, everyone stands and listens
yadi (ind) if
rājan(m) king | ekavacana, saptamī, sati saptamī
vad(1P) speak | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa
tarhi (ind) then
sarva each, all, every | bahuvacana, prathamā
sthā(1P) remain | bahuvacana, prathamapuruṣa
śru (5P) hear, hear about | bahuvacana, prathamapuruṣa
ca (ind) and
3. The guru stands among the students who are reading books – gurus tiṣṭhati paṭhatsu pustakāni śiṣyeṣu
>>> ye paṭhanti pustakāni teṣu śiṣyeṣu gurus tiṣṭhati – Teacher stands among of those students who are readind the books.
paṭh(1P) read | bahuvacana, prathamapuruṣa
pustakam book | bahuvacana, dvitīyā
śiṣyaḥ student | bahuvacana, saptamī
guru heavy; (m) teacher | prathamā
sthā(1P) remain | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa
4. I cannot see the book that is being read by you – ahaṃ na paśyāmi pustakaṃ tvayā paṭhyat
>>> ahaṃ na paśyāmi pustakaṃ tvayā paṭhyate - I cannot see the book that is being read by you.
aham I | prathamā
na (ind) negative particle
dṛś (4P) see, seem, appear (non-present form of paś) | ekavacana, uttamapuruṣa
pustakam book | dvitīyā
paṭh | ekavacana, prathamapuruṣa, karmaṇi prayoga