Re: Cairo Illustrated
Theodora Glime
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Biochemical networks depict the chemical interactions that take place among elements of living cells. They aim to elucidate how cellular behavior and functional properties of the cell emerge from the relationships between its components, i.e. molecules. Biochemical networks are largely characterized by dynamic behavior, and exhibit high degrees of complexity. Hence, the interest in such networks is growing and they have been the target of several recent modeling efforts. Signal transduction pathways (STPs) constitute a class of biochemical networks that receive, process, and respond to stimuli from the environment, as well as stimuli that are internal to the organism. An STP consists of a chain of intracellular signaling processes that ultimately result in generating different cellular responses. This primer presents the methodologies used for the modeling and simulation of biochemical networks, illustrated for STPs. These methodologies range from qualitative to quantitative, and include structural as well as dynamic analysis techniques. We describe the different methodologies, outline their underlying assumptions, and provide an assessment of their advantages and disadvantages. Moreover, publicly and/or commercially available implementations of these methodologies are listed as appropriate. In particular, this primer aims to provide a clear introduction and comprehensive coverage of biochemical modeling and simulation methodologies for the non-expert, with specific focus on relevant literature of STPs.
An extremely rare illustrated broadsheet showing the procession of the Egyptian Mahmal en route from Cairo to Mecca, with a colourful reception of a group of pilgrims in an Egyptian desert village. The Arabic caption states that the print was made from a drawing made on the spot by Sheikh Yunus, citing Hassan Uwais in Abidin Road, Cairo, as the publisher. The true publisher, Camille Burckardt in Weienburg, is not named: it was company policy to obscure the European provenance of these broadsheets so as to to improve their sale potential in the Middle East. All of these prints are very rare; another copy of this print commanded 21,250 at Sotheby's in 2012.
Cairo, IL is a small city in a unique location at the extreme southern portion of Illinois, at the confluence of the Ohio River to the east and the Mississippi River to the west. Its location along both major rivers makes it a desirable location for barge docking and or boat shipping transfers, with numerous large docks along the eastern edge of the community along the west bank of the Ohio River. Generally, the location along two major rivers has played a significant role in the history and the economic conditions of Cairo.
The residents who have already moved and who must yet be moved from these public housing units are eligible to relocate to other public housing or similar subsidized housing options or may receive a portable voucher that the household can use to subsidize rent for a conventional rental unit in a market of their choice. Additionally, HUD will be paying for resident moving expenses to relocate remaining residents from their current public housing units in Cairo.
However, upon further investigation of the Cairo market, it appears that demographics, geography, and weak local economic conditions point to the overarching reason why HUD is vacating its public housing in Cairo. In evaluating demand for rental housing, several variables are commonly considered by developers, lenders, and state housing finance agencies that allocate federal Low-Income Housing Tax Credit funding each year. We have considered the following data for this market investigation.
We have presented data for within a one-mile radius from the centrally located Cairo post office and within a three-mile radius of the post office (an area that includes the entire city of Cairo), as well as for Alexander County, Illinois, and the United States for comparison purposes.
As illustrated in the population trends table, within the Cairo market (one and three-mile radii) the average population decline between 2010 and 2017 was 2.4% annually, compared to a 1.9% annual population decline in Alexander County, and 0.2% annual growth in Illinois and 0.9% annual growth nationally. Even more telling is the 25% rate of population decline projected for the Cairo market between 2010 and 2022. Over the same period, the Alexander County population is projected to decrease by almost 20%, while the statewide population is projected to increase by 2.4% and the national population is expected to increase by 10.6%. The significant 25% population decrease over a 12-year projection period in the Cairo market suggests that many people are leaving the market in search of employment and/or housing opportunities elsewhere.
As reported in the preceding table, the 2017 median household income within three miles of the Cairo post office is $25,933, which is approximately 30% below the median household income level for Alexander County, and is less than half of the median household income levels for Illinois and the U.S. Similarly, the average household income in 2017 for a three-mile radius from the post office un Cairo was $38,332, which is almost 18% below the average household income for the county and is less than half the average household incomes for Illinois and the nation.
The preceding table indicates that the share of vacant housing in Cairo (30.8%) is above the high vacancy rate for Alexander County (22.6%) and is more than three times the vacancy rate for Illinois (9.1%). The local rate of vacant housing is also well above the national level. Note that the majority of the occupied units in Cairo are renter-occupied, while in Alexander County, Illinois, and the U.S. the share of renter households are well below shares of owner households.
The following table illustrates the median and average contract rent levels per the 2011-2015 American Community Survey (ACS) for the Cairo area radii, Alexander County, Illinois, and the United States.
Within the three-mile radius from the post office in Cairo, the median contract rent per the 2011-2015 ACS was $221, which is slightly below the median contract rent for the county of $240, and is well below median contract rents for Illinois and the U.S. The average contract rents in Cairo reflect similar trends as the median contract rents, with the average monthly contract rent within a three-mile radius at $259. Given the contract rents being achieved in the Cairo area are very low in comparison to the state and the nation is one significant reason why developers have likely opted to not pursue new multifamily housing development in Cairo.
As presented in the table, the unemployment rate within three miles of the post office in Cairo is 22.0%, while for Alexander County the unemployment rate is significantly lower, but still well above statewide and national averages at 12.2%. The high unemployment rate in Cairo suggests a struggling economy that has not recovered from the most recent national recession.
We contacted Shawnee Enterprises, Inc., a property management firm with the only remaining affordable rental units in Cairo, to investigate the local rental housing market supply and demand. According to James Covey Jr., the property manager for Little Egypt Estates, Little Egypt Village, and Little Egypt Houses, these existing properties are fully-occupied and fill any vacated units from a waiting list. It is not surprising that with HUD closing more than 180 units combined at the Elmwood and McBride public housing communities, there is reasonable demand for the remaining rental units in Cairo. Additionally, its noteworthy that the 10 units at Little Egypt Estates are being leased by tenants with Housing Choice Vouchers, the 17 units at Little Egypt Village are occupied by tenants receiving Rental Assistance, and the 36 units at Little Egypt Houses operate with a HUD Section 8 contract. Thus, none of the tenants in the 63 total units managed by Shawnee Enterprises, Inc. are paying the subsidy contract rents, but rather tenants are paying up to 30% of their adjusted gross income toward rent.
Lastly, due to the geography of Cairo, flooding potential is an issue and a likely concern for any development in this market, which is located between two major rivers. Following is the FEMA flood zone map of the Cairo area.
Brian Gault is a Senior Valuation Analyst with 18 years of experience in real estate development consulting and feasibility studies. Mr. Gault has analyzed real estate feasibility for various parties, including real estate developers, state housing finance agencies, housing authorities, lenders and syndicators regarding proposed new construction developments or rehabilitation properties.
Mr. Gault has focused his career primarily on affordable, market rate and student housing apartment developments. He has significant experence with the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program and has conducted field work and/or worked to author more than 1,700 market studies, letters, rent comparability studies or appraisals. Mr. Gault has gathered field data on more than 5,000 apartment and condominium properties in more than 40 states.
Specialty Valuation Group (SVG) is a commercial real estate appraisal and market study firm based in Dublin, OH that provides superior valuation and market analysis services for many different asset-types throughout the United States. Our group has significant experience in the valuation and appraisal of the following property types:
The materials selected for the debut of this evolving digital collection include classics of illustrated travel and regional archaeology, as well as the Library's earliest works of photography in the Middle East region. In general, they came to the Library from the founding collections of the Astor and Lenox libraries; these institutions had in turn acquired many titles as contemporary illustrated publications of their time. The digital collection ranges to the turn of the last century when entrepreneurial photographers and publishers mass-produced handsome mounted photographs, custom albums, and elegant photo-mechanically printed books for the tourist. Most of the photographic compilations came to the Library as gifts from the descendents of the travelers whose journeys they evoke.
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