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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is any device or material created to protect the wearer or users from injury or contamination. The hazards addressed by protective equipment can range from infectious diseases to arc flash, from bloodborne pathogens to contact with hot surfaces, fluids or heavy metals.
PPE is used in a variety of industries including healthcare, construction and manufacturing. PPE can also be worn by people who have certain health conditions that make them more susceptible to illness or injury.
PPE can be categorized into eight basis types: eye protection, head protection, foot and leg protection, hand protection, body protection, respiratory protection and protective clothing. There are 8 basis type of PPE:
Protective footwear: Used to protect against foot injuries caused by falling objects or hot surfaces such as molten metal etc. Can also be used to provide protection from electrical shock caused by contact with electrical conductors or machinery parts etc.
Employers must provide and require the use of PPE that is necessary to protect employees from workplace hazards. PPE must be maintained in good condition, used properly and replaced when necessary.
PPE can be used in many different industries and situations, but it is important to remember that PPE must only be used if the risks associated with working without PPE outweigh the risks associated with not using PPE.
PPE must always be used when working with chemicals or other substances which could cause harm if they come into contact with human skin, eyes or lungs. This type of equipment is usually required for cleaning processes within factories where equipment is cleaned after use with chemicals like steam or solvents.
In some cases, workers may also need to wear protective clothing (such as overalls) when handling hazardous materials or chemicals in order to prevent any spillages from causing harm or damage to their clothes.
Selecting the right personal protective equipment (PPE) is a critical step in providing a safe and healthy environment. PPE should be selected based on an evaluation of the hazard, the exposure to that hazard and its potential impact on employees.
Know the hazards. Determine what you are protecting against and why it needs protection. Identify what materials, chemicals or substances could cause injury or illness to those exposed to them. This will help determine if PPE is required for workers who come into contact with these materials, chemicals or substances.
Assess risks. Once you know what you are protecting against, you can assess risk factors such as frequency of contact, duration of contact and concentration levels of exposure to determine if risk management controls such as engineering controls or administrative controls may be sufficient for your workplace situation. If not, PPE may be needed for some workers to protect them during certain activities or tasks where there is no other feasible way to reduce or eliminate their exposure.
Know limitations of PPE. No single type of PPE provides complete protection under all conditions; therefore, it is important that each worker who wears PPE understand its limitations so they do not rely solely on this equipment for their protection while performing work activities.
The protection function is the most important part of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). The purpose of this function is to protect the wearer from exposure to hazards, such as chemicals, heat, cold and radiation. The most common protective components are:
b. Gloves: These protect the hands from corrosive substances and sharp objects like blades or glass shards. They can also be used for handling chemicals that may cause burns or other injuries if touched directly by bare skin. The most common types of gloves available include nitrile, latex and vinyl gloves.
c. Footwear: Footwear must be worn when walking through wet areas or around chemicals in order to prevent slipping or falling which could lead to injury due to exposure to possible contaminants on the ground surface.
e. Respiratory protection: protects wearers from breathing in hazardous substances such as dusts, vapours, gases and fumes that could cause respiratory diseases such as asthma attacks or lung cancer. Respirators come in many different types depending on the type of hazard they protect against; they may be supplied with air or have their own source of clean air supply attached through an airline hose.
Arlen wang is the author of Anbu safety, he is the manager and co-founder of the Anbu Safety network. He has been in anbu safety company since 2008, with a working knowledge of personal protective equipment, and several unique skills related to the PPE industry.
Lithium-ion batteries are currently used in most portable consumer electronics such as cell phones and laptops because of their high energy per unit mass and volume relative to other electrical energy storage systems. They also have a high power-to-weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, long life, and low self-discharge. Most components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled, but the cost of material recovery remains a challenge for the industry. Most of today's all-electric vehicles and PHEVs use lithium-ion batteries, though the exact chemistry often varies from that of consumer electronics batteries. Research and development are ongoing to reduce their relatively high cost, extend their useful life, use less cobalt, and address safety concerns in regard to various fault conditions.
Nickel-metal hydride batteries, used routinely in computer and medical equipment, offer reasonable specific energy and specific power capabilities. Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a much longer life cycle than lead-acid batteries and are safe and abuse tolerant. These batteries have been widely used in HEVs. The main challenges with nickel-metal hydride batteries are their high cost, high self-discharge rate, heat generation at high temperatures, and the need to control hydrogen loss.
Lead-acid batteries can be designed to be high power and are inexpensive, safe, recyclable, and reliable. However, low specific energy, poor cold-temperature performance, and short calendar and lifecycle impede their use. Advanced high-power lead-acid batteries are being developed, but these batteries are only used in commercially available electric-drive vehicles for ancillary loads. They are also used for stop-start functionality in internal combustion engine vehicles to eliminate idling during stops and reduce fuel consumption.
Ultracapacitors store energy in the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte when voltage is applied. Energy storage capacity increases as the electrolyte-electrode surface area increases. Although ultracapacitors have low energy density, they have very high power density, which means they can deliver high amounts of power in a short time. Ultracapacitors can provide vehicles additional power during acceleration and hill climbing and help recover braking energy. They may also be useful as secondary energy-storage devices in electric-drive vehicles because they help electrochemical batteries level load power.
Electric-drive vehicles are relatively new to the U.S. auto market, so only a small number of them have approached the end of their useful lives. As electric-drive vehicles become increasingly common, the battery-recycling market may expand.
Widespread battery recycling would help keep hazardous materials from entering the waste stream, both at the end of a battery's useful life and during its production. The U.S. Department of Energy is also supporting the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize to develop and demonstrate profitable solutions for collecting, sorting, storing, and transporting spent and discarded lithium-ion batteries for eventual recycling and materials recovery. After collection of spent batteries, the material recovery from recycling would also reintroduce critical materials back into the supply chain and would increase the domestic sources for such materials. Work is now underway to develop battery-recycling processes that minimize the life-cycle impacts of using lithium-ion and other kinds of batteries in vehicles. But not all recycling processes are the same and different methods of separation are required for material recovery:
Separating the different kinds of battery materials is often a stumbling block in recovering high-value materials. Therefore, battery design that considers disassembly and recycling is important in order for electric-drive vehicles to succeed from a sustainability standpoint. Standardizing batteries, materials, and cell design would also make recycling easier and more cost-effective.
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