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John Clifton "Jack" Bogle (May 8, 1929 – January 16, 2019) was an American investor, business magnate, and philanthropist. He was the founder and chief executive of The Vanguard Group, and is credited with creating the first index fund. An avid investor and money manager himself, he preached investment over speculation, An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists long term patience over short term action and reducing broker fees as much as possible. The ideal investment vehicle for Bogle was a low cost index fund held over a period of a lifetime with the reinvestment of dividends and dollar cost averaging.


His 1999 book Common Sense on Mutual An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists Funds: New Imperatives for the Intelligent Investor became a bestseller and is considered a classic within the investment community.[2][3]


John Bogle was born on May 8, 1929, in Montclair, New Jersey[4] to William Yates Bogle, Jr. and Josephine Lorraine Hipkins.[5]


His family was affected by the Great Depression. They lost An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists their money and had to sell their home, with his
father falling into alcoholism which resulted in his parents' divorce.[6]


Bogle and his twin, David, attended Manasquan High School near the New Jersey shore for a time. Their academic record there enabled them to transfer to Blair Academy on work An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists scholarships.[7] At Blair, Bogle showed a particular aptitude for mathematics, with numbers and computations fascinating him. In 1947, Bogle graduated from Blair Academy cum laude and was accepted at Princeton University, where he studied economics and investment. During his university years, Bogle studied the mutual fund industry. Bogle spent his An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists junior and senior years working on his thesis "The Economic Role of the Investment Company".[8]


Bogle graduated magna cum laude from Princeton in 1951 and was soon hired by Walter L. Morgan, reportedly as a result of Morgan reading his 130-page thesis paper.[9]


After graduating from Princeton, Bogle narrowed his An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists career options to banking and investments. He was hired at Wellington Fund and promoted to an assistant manager position in
1955, where he obtained a broader access to analyze the company and the investment department. Bogle demonstrated initiative and creativity by challenging the Wellington management to change its strategy of An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists concentration on a single fund, and did his best to make his point in creating a new fund. Eventually, he succeeded, and the new fund became a turning point in his career. After successfully climbing through the ranks, in 1970 he replaced Morgan as chairman of Wellington,[citation needed] but was An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists later fired for an "extremely unwise" merger that he approved. It was a poor decision that he considers his biggest mistake, stating, "The great thing about that mistake, which was shameful and inexcusable and a reflection of immaturity and confidence beyond what the facts justified, was that I learned a An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists lot."[10]


In 1974, Bogle founded the Vanguard Company which is now one of the most respected and successful companies in the investment world. In 1999, Fortune magazine named Bogle as
"one of the four investment giants of the twentieth century".[11]


In 1976, influenced by the works of Paul Samuelson, Bogle An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists founded First Index Investment Trust (a precursor to the Vanguard 500 Index Fund) as the first index mutual fund available to the general public. In a 2005 speech, Samuelson ranked "this Bogle invention along with the invention of the wheel, the alphabet, Gutenberg printing".[12]


Bogle had heart problems in the An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists 1990s and, in 1996, he relinquished his role as Vanguard CEO to John J. Brennan, his handpicked successor and second-in-command whom he had hired in 1982. Bogle, who was then 66 and "considered past the age for a healthy heart transplant", had a successful heart transplant in 1996.[13]


His subsequent An Atlas of Animal Anatomy for Artists return to Vanguard with the title of senior chairman led to conflict between Bogle and Brennan. Bogle left the company in 1999 and moved to Bogle Financial Markets Research Center, a small research institute not directly connected to Vanguard but
on


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