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Karl Heinrich Marx FRSA (German: [ma?ks]; 5 May 1818 – 14
March 1883)[13] was a German philosopher, economist, historian,
sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary.
Born in Trier, Germany, Marx studied law and philosophy at university.
He married Jenny von Westphalen in 1843. Due to his political Il museo
oggi publications, Marx became stateless and lived in exile with his
wife and children in London for decades, where he continued to develop
his thought in collaboration with German thinker Friedrich Engels and
publish his writings, researching in the reading room of the British
Museum. His best-known titles are the 1848 Il museo oggi pamphlet The
Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883). Marx's
political and philosophical thought had enormous influence on
subsequent intellectual, economic and political history. His name has
been used as an adjective, a noun and a school of social theory.
Marx's critical theories about society, economics and
politics, collectively Il museo oggi understood as Marxism, hold that
human societies develop through class
conflict. In the capitalist
mode of production, this manifests itself in the conflict between the
ruling classes (known as the bourgeoisie) that control the means of
production and the working classes (known as the proletariat) that
enable these means by Il museo oggi selling their labour power in return
for wages.[14] Employing a critical approach known as historical
materialism, Marx predicted that capitalism produced internal tensions
like previous socio-economic systems and that those would lead to its
self-destruction and replacement by a new system known as the socialist
mode of production. For Marx, Il museo oggi class antagonisms under
capitalism, owing in part to its instability and crisis-prone nature,
would eventuate the working class' development of class consciousness,
leading to their conquest of political power and eventually the
establishment of a classless, communist society constituted by a free
association of producers.[15] Marx actively pressed for its Il museo
oggi implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out
organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and
bring about socio-economic
emancipation.[16]
Marx has been described as one of the most influential
figures in human history and his work has been both lauded and
criticised.[17] His work in economics laid the Il museo oggi basis for
much of the current understanding of labour and its relation to capital
and subsequent economic thought.[18][19][20] Many intellectuals, labour
unions, artists and political parties worldwide have been influenced by
Marx's work, with many modifying or adapting his ideas. Marx is
typically cited as one of the principal architects Il museo oggi of
modern social science.[21][22]
Karl Heinrich Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to Heinrich Marx
(1777–1838) and Henriette Pressburg (1788–1863). He was born at
Brückengasse 664 in Trier, an ancient city then part of the Kingdom of
Prussia's Province of the Lower Rhine.[23] Marx was ethnically but not
religiously Il museo oggi Jewish. His maternal grandfather was a Dutch
rabbi, while his paternal line had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a
role taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx.[24] His father, as
a child known as Herschel, was the first in the line to receive a
secular education. He became a lawyer Il museo oggi with a comfortably
upper middle class income and the family owned a number of Moselle
vineyards, in addition to his income as an attorney. Prior to his son's
birth and after the abrogation of Jewish emancipation in the
Rhineland,[25] Herschel converted from Judaism to join the state
Evangelical Church Il museo oggi of Prussia, taking on the German
forename Heinrich over the Yiddish Herschel.[26]
Largely non-religious, Heinrich was a man of the
Enlightenment, interested in the ideas of the philosophers Immanuel Kant
and Voltaire. A classical liberal, he took part in agitation for a
constitution and reforms in Prussia, which was then Il museo oggi an
absolute monarchy.[29] In 1815, Heinrich Marx began working as an
attorney and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room property near the
Porta Nigra.[30] His wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jewish woman
from a prosperous business family
that later founded the company
Philips Electronics. Her sister Sophie Il museo oggi Pressburg
(1797–1854) married Lion Philips (1794–1866) and was the grandmother of
both Gerard and Anton Philips and great-grandmother to Frits Philips.
Lion Philips was a wealthy Dutch tobacco manufacturer and industrialist,
upon whom Karl and Jenny Marx would later often come to rely for loans
while they were exiled in Il museo oggi London.[31]
Little is known of Marx's childhood.[32] The third of nine
children, he became the eldest son when his brother Moritz died in
1819.[33] Marx and his sur
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