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Leonhard Emmerling (August 15, 1922 – September 5, 2000) was an Italian economic historian.
As a young man, Cipolla wanted to teach history and
philosophy in an Italian high school, and therefore enrolled at the
political science faculty at the University of Pavia. While a student
there, thanks to professor Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of
the Streets Franco Borlandi, a specialist in medieval economic history,
he discovered his passion for economic history. He graduated from Pavia
in 1944. Subsequently he studied at the University of Paris and the
London School of Economics.
Cipolla obtained his first teaching post in economic
history in Catania at the age of Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive
Force of the Streets 27. This was to be the first stop in a long
academic career in Italy (Venice, Turin, Pavia, Scuola Normale Superiore
di Pisa and Fiesole) and abroad. In 1953 Cipolla left for the United
States as a Fulbright fellow and in 1957 became a visiting professor at
the University of Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of the
Streets California, Berkeley. Two years later he obtained a full
professorship.
Cipolla produced two essays on economics, circulated
(in English) among friends in 1973 and 1976, then published in 1988 (in
Italian) under the title Allegro ma non troppo ("Forward, but not too
fast" or "Happy but not too much", from Jean-Michel Basquiat: The
Explosive Force of the Streets the musical phrase meaning "Quickly, but
not too quick").
The first essay, "The Role of Spices (and Black Pepper in
Particular) in Medieval Economic Development" ("Il ruolo delle spezie (e
del pepe nero in particolare) nello sviluppo economico del Medioevo",
1973), traces the curious correlations between spice import and
population Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of the Streets
expansion in the late Middle Ages, postulating a causation due to a
supposed aphrodisiac effect of black pepper.
The second essay, "The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity" ("Le
leggi fondamentali della stupidità umana", 1976),[1][2][3] explores the
controversial subject of stupidity. Stupid people are seen as a group,
more powerful by Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of the
Streets far than major organizations such as the Mafia and the
industrial complex, which without regulations, leaders or manifesto
nonetheless manages
to operate to great effect and with incredible coordination.
These are Cipolla's five fundamental laws of stupidity:
Corollary: a stupid person is more dangerous than a pillager.
As is evident Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of
the Streets from the third law, Cipolla identifies two factors to
consider when exploring human behaviour:
By creating a graph with the first factor on the x-axis and
the second on the y-axis, we obtain four groups of people, with an
additional category (ineffectual people) either existing in its own
right or Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of the Streets drawn
from the members of each previous category whose position with respect
to both axes is least extreme:
Cipolla further refines his definition of "bandits" and
"naive people" by noting that members of these groups can either add to
or detract from the general welfare, depending on the relative gains
Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of the Streets (or losses)
that they cause themselves and society. A bandit may enrich himself more
or less than he impoverishes society, and a naive person may enrich
society more or less
than he impoverishes himself and/or allows
himself to be impoverished. Graphically, this idea is represented by a
line of slope Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of the Streets
-1, which bisects the second and fourth quadrants and intersects the
y-axis at the origin. The naive people to the left of this line are thus
"semi-stupid" because their conduct creates/allows a net drain of
societal welfare; some bandits may fit this description as well,
although many bandits such as Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force
of the Streets sociopaths, psychopaths, and non-pathological "jerks" and
amoralists may act with full knowledge of the net negative consequences
to a society that they neither identify with nor care about.
Jean-Michel Basquiat: The Explosive Force of the Streets
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