Handbook Of Cane Sugar Engineering Pdf Free Download
Elcira Acfalle
contains useful information of a practical nature for design and/or the operation of sugar mills. Sufficient background information and theory is given for an understanding of all the practical aspects. Sources of further information are given for more theoretical background. The text is comprehensive covering all aspects of cane sugar and related operations and processes provides an up to date source of information for those involved in all aspects of cane sugar processing.
Handbook of Cane Sugar Engineering focuses on the technologies, equipment, methodologies, and processes involved in cane sugar engineering. The handbook first underscores the delivery, unloading, and handling of cane, cane carrier and knives, and tramp iron separators. The text then examines crushers, shredders, combinations of cane preparators, and feeding of mills and conveying bagasse. The manuscript takes a look at roller grooving, pressures in milling, mill speeds and capacity, and mill settings. Topics include setting of feed and delivery openings and trash plate, factors influencing capacity, formula for capacity, fiber loading, tonnage records, linear speed and speed of rotation, sequence of speeds, hydraulic pressure, and types of roller grooving. The book then elaborates on electric and turbine mill drives, mill gearing, construction of mills, extraction, milling control, purification of juice, filtration, evaporation, sugar boiling, and centrifugal separation. The handbook is a valuable source of data for engineers involved in sugar cane engineering.
Sugarcane bagasse is a vast lignocellulosic byproduct generated in the industry with 50% humidity (1 kg dry matter associated with 1 kg water). Although the presence of water brings deleterious consequences for combustion, storage and sugar extraction, the location of water in fresh bagasse remains unknown. In this work, we use synchrotron X-ray microtomography for non-invasive 3D imaging of fresh bagasse particles, which allows the visualization of intraparticle water. The sclerified fiber cells in the sheaths surrounding xylem vessels are often found full of water. We suggest this can be juice preserved from the native stalks as many sclerified fibers seem to keep their structural integrity despite the mechanical action during sugarcane crushing. The microtomograms of fresh bagasse also shows mineral particles adhered to biomass surfaces, with adhesion presumably favored by the presence of water. In summary, this work unveils the location of water in fresh bagasse, solving an old mystery of sugarcane technology.
In this work, we use synchrotron X-ray microtomography [8,10] to perform non-invasive imaging of the interior of fresh bagasse particles. We visualize the water volumes inside bagasse and confirm that cells are partly filled with water. We also identify which tissues are preferentially wet or dry. Moreover, we observe and analyze the mineral particles found in association with wet bagasse. The results provide novel insights about water-related phenomena taking place during sugarcane crushing and indicate new possibilities for valorization of this renewable bioresource.
Bagasse is a heterogeneous particulate containing fines and fibrous particles, including coarse fibers with size of centimeters, which are much larger than the FOV of microtomography. Hence, the limited representativeness of the acquired images is an inherent issue in microtomographic studies of bagasse. As in the previous study [8], this limitation was approached in two ways. First, we selected a broad range of fibrous particles for 3D imaging, aiming at having all the major tissues represented, except the disaggregated parenchyma cells that form the non-fibrous fines. Second, we classified the 3D images in terms of three types of fibrous particles: i) Rind particles show vascular bundles (VBs) from sugarcane internode in association with epidermis regions; ii) Pith particles show VBs from sugarcane internode without visible association to epidermis; iii) Undetermined particles show other types of tissues, which may originate from sugarcane tops, leaves, or any other vegetal impurities. In addition to this classification, we counted the number of VBs appearing in the cross-sections of each particle, further informing about the characteristics of the particles selected for imaging.
A total of 23 particles of fresh bagasse were successfully imaged, counting 8 particles classified as rind, 13 as pith, and 2 of undetermined tissue type. As expected, the rind particles are larger and, on average, have more VBs in their cross sections. The number of VBs visualized in rind particles range from 1 to 5, while in pith particles the number of VBs range from 1 to 3 and most pith particles (8 out of 13) show a single VB (Table 1). As mentioned (section 2.3), the imaged particles cannot be considered statistically representative of the whole bagasse. Nevertheless, the main types of fibrous particles and their typical features are represented in the image set and, therefore, they can provide the insights about water location in fresh sugarcane bagasse.
Longitudinal views of the bagasse particles provide additional insight about the cells with preferential retention of water (Fig 5). The observed cellular volumes are filled with either water or air, without notable cases of partial filling with both water and air in the same cell. Moreover, the filled cells are in most cases fibers with sclerified walls that appear to have preserved their integrity despite the mechanical actions of sugarcane crushing. Hence, most water volumes seem to be held by integer cells with preserved cell walls.
Mineral particles are observed as high contrast bodies in the microtomograms (Fig 6). Their presence in bagasse is primarily attributed to soil particles that come to the mill as sugarcane impurity and end up adhered and impregnated in the bagasse structure [8]. The image processing workflow identified and analyzed a total of 650 mineral particles in the 23 microtomograms. Distributions of volume, sphericity, and ellipsoid factor are shown in Fig 7, together with the Flinn diagram. It is worth comparing these metrics with the previous study that used an identical particle morphometry method, but analyzed a different bagasse in dry state [8]. Here (Fig 7) as well as in the previous study [8], ellipsoid factors are distributed around zero and data points are scattered close to the upper right corner of the Flinn diagram (Fig 7). This indicates a tendency for spherical particle shapes, without preference for disk- or rod-like morphologies. Sphericity values are mostly between 0.5 and 1.0 (Fig 7), which although lower than in the previous study [8], still supports a tendency for rounded shapes.
The authors thank Carlos Roberto Trez for the kind support in the collection of fresh sugarcane bagasse. CED acknowledges financial supports from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, grant 14/50884-5) through the National Institute of Science and Technology of Bioethanol (INCT Bioetanol). CED and DYC acknowledge financial support from FAPESP grants 2015/01587-0 and 17/01330-5 and high-performance computing resources from the Information Technology Superintendence of the University of São Paulo. CED acknowledges Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS) for the microtomography beamtime (proposal IMX20160526). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Identification of microbial populations in blends of worm castings or sugarcane filter mud compost with biochar - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Wright, M.S., Lima, I.M. 2021. Identification of microbial populations in blends of worm castings or sugarcane filter mud compost with biochar. Agronomy. 11(8):1671.
Using Sucrox liquid permanganate as a processing aid in Louisiana sugarcane factories - (Proceedings)
Ihli, S., Boone, S., Sanders, J., Boihem, L., Montes, B., Pontif, K. 2019. Using Sucrox liquid permanganate as a processing aid in Louisiana sugarcane factories. In: Proceedings of the Advances in Sugar Crop Processing and Conversion 2018 Conference, May 15-18, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2:45-55.
Sugarcane-bagasse and leaf-residue biochars as soil amendments for increased sugar and cane yields - (Proceedings)
Lima, I.M., White Jr, P.M. 2019. Sugarcane-bagasse and leaf-residue biochars as soil amendments for increased sugar and cane yields. Proceedings of XXX Congress of International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists. 30:844-850.
Selective oxidation of colour-inducing constituents in raw sugar cane juice with potassium permanganate - (Peer Reviewed Journal)
Fang, Y., Ellis, A., Uchimiya, M., Strathmann, T.J. 2019. Selective oxidation of colour-inducing constituents in raw sugar cane juice with potassium permanganate. Food Chemistry. 298:125036.
First year operation of a mechanical detrasher system at a Louisiana sugarcane factory - (Proceedings)
Eggleston, G., Schudmak, C., Hulett, R., Waguespack, Jr., H., Birkett, H., Gay, J., Landry, A., Lima, I., St Cyr, E., Stein, J., Finger, A. 2019. First year operation of a mechanical detrasher system at a Louisiana sugarcane factory. In: Proceedings of the Advances in Sugar Crop Processing and Conversion 2018 Conference, May 15-18, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2:220-236.
The nature of floc problems in alcoholic beverages sweetened with cane sugars and how to remove them - (Proceedings)
Eggleston, G., Triplett, A. 2019. The nature of floc problems in alcoholic beverages sweetened with cane sugars and how to remove them. In: Proceedings of the Advances in Sugar Crop Processing and Conversion 2018 Conference, May 15-18, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2:122-133.
Effect of feed source and pyrolysis conditions on sugarcane bagasse biochar - (Proceedings)
Lima, I., Hass, A. 2019. Effect of feed source and pyrolysis conditions on sugarcane bagasse biochar. In: Proceedings of the Advances in Sugar Crop Processing and Conversion 2018 Conference, May 15-18, 2018, New Orleans, Louisiana. 2:76-91.