thanks for your reply!
Yes, Mplus is directly installed on the machine. For whatever reason, mplusAvailable() still tells me that its not, but it works now - I am able to run models through R.
I had some issues with the line breaks in my original input files, but after creating them directly with createModels and a template file, it worked fine now.
On my first try, I copied a displayed terminal command to my terminal directly and had to grant the terminal access rights to my files - maybe that is interesting for someone else as well.
In short: It works now, but I don't know why.
Cheers
Anja