If you can find "Test262SuiteTest" in the source tree, then it's got all the logic to parse the properties file, figure out which tests to run, and run them.
One thing you can do is set the environment variable (not Java system property) TEST_262_OPTLEVEL to -1.
By default, the Test262 suite runs each test three times at three different optimization levels. By setting that level (to anything, really) you only run each test once, which is fine when you're building stuff. Furthermore, compiling actually takes some time so setting it to -1 (interpreter mode) actually makes the test suite run fastest in my experience because the tests are all very short.
With that set, I've had success just running "Test262SuiteTest" in Intellij and it's not terrible.
I could see how some improvements to that test runner might produce another environment variable that makes it possible to cut down the list of tests even farther.
But yeah, for real new feature development I find it easiest to first create a test case that runs as a standalone script, like the ones in the testsrc/jstests directory, and then follow up by enabling Test262 when closer to check the smaller details of spec compliance.