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On Flickr, Gill said that the video, which he titled "Voyage of the Moons," really did show Europa and Io orbiting over Jupiter's Great Red Spot. According to his caption, the second half of the video showed "Titan as it passes over Saturn and it's edge-on rings."
In response, Gill told us: "The motion isn't wholly accurate as I made it look prettier than it was correct. But it's meant to portray the motion visible from a spacecraft that's moving at a velocity faster than the moons are orbiting. So, from a stationary perspective, Io would move faster than Europa."
In sum, yes, the time-lapse video posted to Reddit really did show photographs of Europa and Io orbiting Jupiter over the Great Red Spot. The video was slightly altered to look "prettier than it was correct," according to a NASA-JPL scientist, but at its core, it was real.
The newly discovered "oddball" moon has a prograde orbit, but it orbits farther from Jupiter than the other moons in the larger prograde group and it takes about one and a half Earth years to complete an orbit. The satellite's oddness comes from its tiny size and the fact that, although it's out in the realm of the retrograde moons, it's orbiting in the opposite direction to them. Researchers have proposed naming the "oddball" Valetudo, after the Roman goddess of health and hygiene.
Galileo made the first close-up observations of an asteroid during a flyby of 12-mile long 951 Gaspra. Flying within 997 miles of the asteroid on Oct. 29, 1991, Galileo returned much science data and 150 photographs. A second flyby of the Earth took place on Dec. 8, 1992, with Galileo coming within 188 miles of its home planet. The spacecraft now had the required velocity to head toward Jupiter. Along the way, Galileo explored its second asteroid, flying within 1,500 miles of 35-mile long 243 on Aug. 28, 1993. The spacecraft made the surprising discovery that Ida had a tiny companion, the 1-mile wide satellite Dactyl orbiting about 90 miles away, the first known moon orbiting around an asteroid.
NASA's Juno spacecraft is orbiting the giant planet Jupiter, having survived a harrowing journey through radiation and dust to enter into orbit on Monday night. The spacecraft is technically uncrewed, but there are three passengers of sorts.
Sheppard, who has been part of past moon observations on Jupiter and Saturn, believes there are moons orbiting Jupiter and Saturn that haven't been discovered yet. He said both planets have small moons believed to once be bigger moons that collided with space debris like asteroids.
Dave Tholen from the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy, Scott Sheppard from the Carnegie Institution for Science, and Chad Trujillo from Northern Arizona University are using the Subaru Telescope to search for the recently theorized Planet X that may lurk far beyond Pluto in our Solar System. This un-known massive planet at the fringes of our Solar System could explain the similarity of the orbits of several small extremely distant objects.
Subaru Telescope's 870-megapixel camera, Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) was their top choice because it offers a very wide field of view, equivalent to the area of nine full moons. This makes it extremely suitable for finding a faint object if you are not sure of where it is. The team wanted to kill two birds with one stone so to say and thus put their Subaru search fields for Planet X near Jupiter in order to look for distant Solar System objects beyond Pluto as well as for objects near Jupiter.
Confirming that the newly found objects are truly moons of Jupiter, and not objects just orbiting the Sun, requires multiple observations to pin down their motions, and this usually takes a year. But astronomers can't wait a year to make the follow-up observations, because the objects become lost or difficult to properly associate with the same object, so it's necessary to track the candidate moons multiple times over the course of a year.
Two astronomers from the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy provided crucial follow-up observations after the initial discovery observations. Dave Tholen and Dora Fohring used the UH 88-inch telescope in 2018 to help confirm some of the new objects were indeed orbiting Jupiter, making them moons of the planet.
The Subaru Telescope's wide-field imaging data allowed the team to follow the motions of the moons and refine the orbits of these satellites. Even though these are objects in our own Solar System, the observations were challenging. During the time these moons were visible, Jupiter was very close to Earth's own bright moon, so great care was needed to ensure that the images didn't saturate from overexposure. The moons are so faint that they are not actually visible in any single exposure, appearing only when several images are combined.