Blockade 1938
Ceola Roefaro
This is an original three-sheet movie poster from 1948 for a theatrical re-release of Blockade (1938) starring Henry Fonda, Madeleine Carroll, Leo Carrillo, John Halliday, Reginald Denny, Vladimir Sokoloff, and Robert Warwick. William Dieterle directed the Spanish Civil War film.
Please look closely at the photos (this is the exact poster you are buying and is not a stock image). The black squares in the corners and edges of the poster are magnets used to hold down the poster.
Blockade is a 1938 American drama film directed by William Dieterle and starring Madeleine Carroll, Henry Fonda and Leo Carrillo. During the Spanish Civil War a farmer takes up arms to fight for the Republican side.
A graduate of Princeton, Fisher founded the Maryland Horse Breeders Association and served as VP, Treasurer and Director of the Maryland Jockey Club. He was also Master of the Green Spring Valley Hunt Club for five years and Secretary of the American Trainers Association for thirty, working closely alongside the legendary Preston Burch to improve track conditions for horses and the people of the backstretch. A veteran of WW1, Fisher had started breeding horses in 1929 and by the time Blockade came along, he was also training them.
In April of 1938, with the lush scent of spring in the air, Blockade went down to the start of the Maryland Hunt Cup, run over a distance of 4 miles with 22 jumps along the way. His jockey, J. Fred Colwill, came from a family of seven and was about to graduate from the ranks of amateur to celebrated jockey, thanks to the little chestnut prancing under his 150-lb. frame.
The Maryland Hunt Cup is a steeplechase. In America, there are two types of steeplechase: hurdle and timber. Whereas the hurdle steeplechase is jumped over plastic and steel fences, as well as brush jumps of up to 52 inches in height, timber racing is conducted over solid and immovable wooden rail fences that, in the most extreme case, may reach five feet. The distance of a timber steeplechase is also longer than that of a hurdle, ranging from three to four miles (6 km). Timber jumps require horses to jump in an arc, in deference to the unyielding nature of the rail fences. An important factor in success at timber racing is for the horse to land in stride, so that it can carry its speed forward on the flat part of the race course.
1942 got off to a sorry start when jockey Colwill made a mistake on course, forcing horse and rider to watch as Winton, owned by Stuart Janney, galloped to victory in the 1942 Maryland Hunt Cup. The decision was made to start Blockade in the prestigious Virginia Gold Cup a week later.
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Experimental design: Peripheral blood samples from 55 patients with MDS were assessed for immune subsets, T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, mutations in 295 acute myeloid leukemia (AML)/MDS-related genes, and immune-related gene expression profiling before and after the first treatment.
Results: Clinical responders treated with IMT HMA but not HMA alone showed a significant expansion of central memory (CM) CD8+ T cells, diverse TCRβ repertoire pretreatment with increased clonality and emergence of novel clones after the initial treatment, and a higher mutation burden pretreatment with subsequent reduction posttreatment. Autophagy, TGFβ, and Th1 differentiation pathways were the most downregulated in nonresponders after treatment, while upregulated in responders. Finally, CTLA-4 but not PD-1 blockade attributed to favorable changes in immune landscape.
The American public placed little pressure on the president or on Congress to increase immigration to aid European Jews. Private relief organizations in the United States, however, assisted thousands of Jewish refugees.
The American government took limited action to assist these Jewish refugees. Rather than focusing on the growing humanitarian crisis, the Roosevelt administration prioritized supporting the Allies and preparing the United States for war.
The Austrian immigration quota to the United States was very small. At the urging of Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, US President Franklin D. Roosevelt combined the US immigration quotas for Germany and Austria to give greater immigration opportunities to Austrian Jews. The State Department could then issue a maximum of 27,370 visas per year for immigrants born in those countries. By June 30, 1938, however, nearly 140,000 people were on the German quota waiting list for US immigration visas.
By September, the waiting list for a German quota visa had reached 220,000 people. Even if the State Department issued the maximum number of visas it could have under the existing laws each year, new German- and Austrian-born applicants could anticipate at least a nine-year wait for a US immigration visa.
Between 1939 and 1941, more than 300,000 people born in Germany joined waiting lists for immigration visas to the United States. Most of these people were Jews. In 1939, for the first time since the Nazis rose to power, the State Department issued the maximum number of visas legally allowed under the German quota. At US embassies and consulates throughout Europe, waiting lists for US visas also grew and wait times were estimated to be years-long.
On May 13, 1939, the German transatlantic liner St. Louis sailed from Hamburg, Germany, for Havana, Cuba. The majority of the 937 passengers were Jewish, and most planned to stay in Cuba only until their turn came up on the waiting list for a US immigration visa. When the St. Louis arrived in Havana, the passengers learned that the landing certificates they had purchased were invalid. The Cuban government refused to allow the refugees to disembark and, after nearly a week of negotiations, it forced the ship to leave Cuban waters. The St. Louis sailed towards Miami, as the passengers sent pleading telegrams to loved ones and public officials in the United States.
The St. Louis became the subject of many articles, editorial cartoons, and opinion columns in the United States. Since the German quota had already been filled, Congress would have to pass a new law or Roosevelt would have to issue a presidential order in order for the passengers to be admitted. Polls showed that the American public was not generally supportive of any changes to existing immigration quotas. In a January 1939 poll, only five months before the St. Louis sailed, 83% of Americans had opposed accepting additional European refugees. And although newspaper coverage generally sympathized with the plight of the passengers, few editorials or letters to the editor advocated admitting the St. Louis passengers to the United States.
The St. Louis was not the only ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean carrying Jewish refugees during the refugee crisis. More than 1,200 ships carrying nearly 111,000 Jewish refugees arrived in New York between March 1938, when Germany annexed Austria, and October 1941, when Germany banned emigration of Jews. As these passengers held US visas, they were admitted into the United States as new immigrants.
The State Department instituted additional restrictions on immigration in 1941, citing national security concerns. Among these restrictions was the announcement that any refugee with close family still in enemy territory would be ineligible for a US immigration visa. American consulates closed in Nazi-occupied territory in July 1941, cutting off many applicants from the US diplomats issuing visas. At the same time, the State Department announced that all visa applicants had to be approved by an interdepartmental visa review committee in Washington, DC. This decision further delayed the departure of those refugees who had managed to make it to southern France or Lisbon, Portugal, the only places in Europe from which they could still escape.
As applicants sought US immigration visas, Jewish and non-Jewish private relief agencies, such as the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), the National Refugee Service, the Emergency Rescue Committee, the JDC, the American Friends Service Committee (Quakers), the Unitarian Service Committee, and others formed networks of rescue to aid as many refugees as possible. Many of the non-Jewish agencies were funded through Jewish philanthropy.
These organizations helped refugees navigate the US immigration system, explained the required paperwork, located potential financial sponsors, purchased ship tickets, and, for those fortunate enough to enter the United States, assisted with Americanization, employment, and housing. They also provided food, clothing, and medicine for those still in Europe. Some relief workers even worked directly in French internment camps.
The United States remained neutral during the first two years of World War II, from September 1939, when Nazi Germany invaded Poland, to December 1941, when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. Though the majority of Americans continued to oppose intervention in the war, Roosevelt and Congress increasingly began to prepare the country for war.
In September 1940, as President Roosevelt campaigned for an unprecedented third term as president, Congress passed and Roosevelt signed into law the first peacetime draft in American history. Roosevelt increased both monetary and military aid to Great Britain, eventually extending material aid to Allied nations through the Lend-Lease Act, passed in March 1941. Lobbying organizations formed within the United States to argue either for proactive intervention or against involvement in the war.
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