I looked on Firebug, but I made a mistake -- it just gave the top-level domain.
The reason mod_pagespeed doesn't rewrite resources on this site is the "Vary:*" header returned with each of your resources. Do you know why that header is there?
That's used as a signal by the underlying PageSpeed Insights libraries to indicate that this resource can change for all kinds of different reasons. Looking at Firebug, I see that Firefox does not cache these resources, so mod_pagespeed is consistent with Firefox.
If mod_pagespeed can't cache a resource, then it won't try to optimize it, because it'd have to re-optimize it on every refresh.
If you can remove the "Vary:*" from your Apache configuration mod_pagespeed should optimize your resources.
-Josh