Hi Chris -
We don't add headers indicating what filters operated on your page, but there are a few things you can do to see what happened (this is what I do when assessing what rewriting had occurred on a page):
1) Look for .pagespeed. resources, as those are a sure sign that those resources were rewritten or (in the case of .ce. urls) cache extended.
2) Turn on the debug filter, usually by using the query parameter ?PageSpeedFilters=+debug on your url. This will add comments indicating some of what happened when rewriting your page, and will also inject un-mangled JavaScript code if you have the appropriate filters switched on.
Note that "make +debug better" is on our TODO list at the moment, because it doesn't yet tell you everything you (or we) might like to know.
-Jan