If you want to extend the filter options, I think also the GUI should be carefully considered. Mnemosyne is originally targeted for non-computer savvy people who don't know about logical operators, hence the current verbose wording.
The way to go would probably be a plugin which allows more flexible boolean operators for power users, leaving the default behaviour intact. Or switch to Anki :-)
Apart from basic maintenance, I'm no longer working on Mnemosyne, but the current filter implementation is in pyqt_ui/card_browser.py.
Cheers,
Peter