Here are a few things you might try
1) Download one of the aia files from the AI2 free online eBook
http://www.appinventor.org/book2 ... the links are at the bottom of the Web page. The book 'teaches' users how to program with AI2 blocks.
There is a free programming course here
http://www.appinventor.org/content/CourseInABox/Intro and the aia files for the projects in the book are here:
http://www.appinventor.org/bookFiles . Why? What might be inhibiting your loading might be something in your Project that
your phone is not compatible with. If you can compile the apk for a different project and it loads properly would point to a problem in your Project that is inhibiting loading. If these projects compile/load, you can focus on perhaps the code in your Project as creating an issue on YOUR phone. It might be as simple as using an AI2 component in your Project that is not compatible with your Android 6 device.
2) Typically, an AI2 app requires some type of 'access' to permissions. You see "Do you want to install this application. It does not require any special access."" You probably should see SEVERAL permission requests. The message that 'does not require any special access" probably means your system is not compiling a correct apk. Did you modify the manifest using a third party tool? Did you compile part of your app using App Inventor 2 and then part using Thunkable or one of the third party versions of 'App Inventor'? Doing things like this could create issues with the compiled apk . A modified Project manifest might be the reason for not loading properly on your device.
3) If you go to Settings in your phone and go to Application manager, can you find the 'name' of your App in the list of applications? That is can you find Cat (if you did not specifically change the name of your app)?
4) You already know "Anyone installing your app (which is an ".apk" file) will need to change the setting on their phone to allow installation of non-market applications:
To find this setting on versions of Android prior to 4.0, go to "Settings > Applications" and then check the box next to "Unknown Sources". For devices running Android 4.0 or above, go to "Settings > Security" or "Settings > Security & Screen Lock" and then check the box next to "Unknown Sources" and confirm your choice." Your device is an Android 6 phone; did you use the second method described to allow unknown sources? When you do this, make sure your G3/G4 network is turned off...there is a complicated reason why network should be disabled but I won't go into it. Just try.
5) Are you using a virus checker? You might send yourself the apk you download to your PC , read the eMail, then click the downloaded file. Make sure you have given your phone sufficient time to download...it you attempt to install a file that is only partially installed, the install would fail. Now disable the virus checker and attempt to load. The virus checker, depending on the vendor, might be inhibiting a proper loading. Download the apk to your PC and send yourself an eMail...using the QR code is nice but downloading the apk is a more certain way of loading an app. I do not know why but using the QRcode might not work for you. When something does not work, try something different. If you do this instead of using the QR code, you do not need to be concerned with Ghica's question about WIFI because you won't use WIF to load the app (as the QR code method does)
6) Are you looking for your app's Cat icon on your phone so you can run the app in the wrong place? Find the grid icon that is probably labeled Apps (it may look like a 4x4 grid of dots or small squares) and look for the app there. It might be there and your app loaded after all.
What happens in each of these cases? Knowing the results might help someone provide additional advice that will solve the install problem.
Good luck.
Regards,
Steve