Medical Textbooks Pdf

[Emigdio Binet]

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Although a large literature has documented racial inequities in health care delivery, there continues to be debate about the potential sources of these inequities. Preliminary research suggests that racial inequities are embedded in the curricular edification of physicians and patients. We investigate this hypothesis by considering whether the race and skin tone depicted in images in textbooks assigned at top medical schools reflects the diversity of the U.S.

Population: We analyzed 4146 images from Atlas of Human Anatomy, Bates' Guide to Physical Examination & History Taking, Clinically Oriented Anatomy, and Gray's Anatomy for Students by coding race (White, Black, and Person of Color) and skin tone (light, medium, and dark) at the textbook, chapter, and topic level. While the textbooks approximate the racial distribution of the U.S. population - 62.5% White, 20.4% Black, and 17.0% Person of Color - the skin tones represented - 74.5% light, 21% medium, and 4.5% dark - overrepresent light skin tone and underrepresent dark skin tone. There is also an absence of skin tone diversity at the chapter and topic level. Even though medical texts often have overall proportional racial representation this is not the case for skin tone. Furthermore, racial minorities are still often absent at the topic level. These omissions may provide one route through which bias enters medical treatment.

Objectives: This study aimed to review the availability and accessibility of gender-specific knowledge in current medical textbooks used in Dutch medical schools. Medicine has been criticised as being gender-biased by assuming male and female bodies to be generally the same. The authors wondered whether current nationally and internationally accepted medical textbooks reflect the state of the art on gender-specific knowledge.

Methods: The authors selected medical textbooks recommended by at least two medical schools in the Netherlands in the academic years 2004-05 and 2005-06. Investigated disciplines were internal medicine/cardiology, psychiatry and pharmacology. The textbooks were screened on the following topics: coronary heart disease; depressive disorders; alcohol abuse, and pharmacology. We defined evidence-based, gender-specific aspects of each of the topics on which information should be accessible in current textbooks for medical students.

Results: Eleven textbooks were screened, including four on internal medicine/cardiology, four on pharmacology and three on psychiatry. Results show that gender-specific information is scarce or absent, and hardly accessible via index or layout. The scarce gender-specific information mainly applies to epidemiological data and reproductive items.

Conclusions: Current medical textbooks are still gender-biased. They lack somatic and psychosocial information relevant to good medical practice. As a consequence, future doctors will be unaware of relevant differences between men and women in the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of illnesses.

Where features are the same for both sexes, three times as many male bodies as female ones were illustrated in the six anatomical textbooks and six texts studied (14% compared to 4%, while in the remaining images it was not possible to deduce the gender of the body), according to the study that will be presented by its author, Mara Jos Barral, a medicine professor at the University of Zaragoza, at the Women, Health and Gender Forum, being held today and tomorrow.

The central nervous system was presented exclusively using male bodies in the six European manuals and in one of the North American ones. There was not one female image of the lower limbs in four of the manuals (three European and one North American), nor of the upper ones in eight of them (five European and three North American).

In some books, the circulatory system was mainly illustrated in female bodies while the nervous system was presented in males, with the locomotive system equally divided. The researcher raises the question of whether this is due to thought being considered a male attribute and nutrition a female one.

Barral points out that these biased views persist, with an image appearing in the popular science magazine Mente y Cerebro as late as 2003 that made the female brain appear to come between that of a child and an adult male in the evolutionary process.

Biological dichotomies and stereotypical male and female sexual behaviour are omnipresent in scientific texts, even though the scientific evidence does not support this, since diversity is the norm in nature, says the researcher.

The OUWB Medical Library keeps at least two copies of all curricular textbooks in the KL102 Study Room. Textbooks for M1 Students are listed below by course. Required textbooks are listed first. Please see your syllabus for details.

The OUWB Medical Library keeps at least two copies of all curricular textbooks in the KL102 Study Room. Textbooks for M2 Students are listed below by course. Required textbooks are listed first. Please see your syllabus for details.

The OUWB Medical Library keeps at least two copies of all curricular textbooks in the KL102 Study Room. Textbooks for M3 Students are listed below by course. Required textbooks are listed first. Please see your syllabus for details.

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Springer Publishing is a uniquely responsive healthcare education and exam prep company specializing in nursing, social work, and behavioral and health sciences education, certification, and licensing exam prep materials. In collaboration with expert authors and educators, we create engaging and accessible digital and print textbooks, clinical references, exam prep tools, instructor resources, and journals. We are champions of growth in these professions, knowing that our work together advances careers, improves outcomes, and impacts lives.

There are lots of conversations about the lack of diversity in science and tech these days. In response, people constantly ask, "So what? Why does it matter?" There are many ways to answer that question, but perhaps the easiest is this: because a homogenous team produces homogenous products for a very heterogeneous world.

This is Design Bias, a Motherboard column in which writer Rose Eveleth explores the products, research programs, and conclusions made not necessarily because any designer or scientist or engineer sets out to discriminate, but because to them the "normal" user always looks exactly the same. The result is a world that's biased by design. -the Editor

Before it was a television show, Grey's Anatomy was a textbook. Published in 1858, Gray's Anatomy (spelled with an "a") quickly became the gold standard in medical illustration, featuring detailed diagrams of everything from the tiny bones in the hand to the internal structure of the eye.

In 2014, Rhiannon Parker, a researcher at the University of Wollogong in Australia, set out to quantify just how bad that bias actually is. By analyzing more than 6,000 images from 17 anatomy textbooks published between 2008 and 2013, Parker and her colleagues found that only 36 percent of the anatomical images with an identifiable sex were female.

Even more discouraging is the results weren't all that different from a study done in 1994, in which 32 percent of images represented female bodies. "I expected there to be a much bigger improvement on representation," Parker told me.

Madelene Hyde, the vice president for content and education at Elsevier, which publishes several top anatomy books including Gray's Anatomy, said they are "trying more and more to be as balanced as possible with our textbook images."

In some cases, showing a female body makes sense, if the content is specifically about female health. But Parker found that even in cases where there is no reason to show one sex over another, men are more likely to be depicted as the "normal body." This lines up with previous research from 1992 that found that even when it comes to medical imagery around reproduction, men outnumbered women in textbooks 2.5 to 1.

"For the anatomy titles that do not solely focus on surgical anatomy (interior rather than exterior), we do our best to provide images of diverse subjects," Hyde said in her email. "When possible, we try to replace older images of rare clinical conditions. As a provider of a significant volume of global health content, we try more and more to be as balanced as possible with our textbook images."

Parker also saw other trends in her dataset. Even though she was looking for images where the body being depicted might be identified by readers as male or female (whether by genitalia or by traditional gender markers), she also found that bodies were also overwhelmingly white, slim, and young. Of the images of women she did find, 86 percent of them were white (compared to 76 percent of identifiably male bodies).

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