Sql Injection Metasploit

[Emigdio Binet]

Theinitialize method is used to define and pass metadata. Every initialize method in the metasploit-framework codebase follows the format of an empty info being passed into update_info, which gets passed to the msf::Exploit::Remote initialize method:

filter_bad_chars takes in cmd, which is a string. cmd has two substitutions applied - the first will translate & to %26, the second translates a space to %20. The .gsub statements are a global substitution across the string, so the entire payload is impacted by the substitutions here (Similar to str.replace in Python). Regardless of whether or not the string is modified, it is returned.

The execute_command method takes in cmd and _opts and executes the command on the target. In our case, executing a command is simply adding the command to a GET request and sending it to the /ping endpoint on our sample service.

When run as a CGI, PHP up to version 5.3.12 and 5.4.2 is vulnerable to an argument injection vulnerability. This module takes advantage of the -d flag to set php.ini directives to achieve code execution. From the advisory: "if there is NO unescaped '=' in the query string, the string is split on '+' (encoded space) characters, urldecoded, passed to a function that escapes shell metacharacters (the "encoded in a system-defined manner" from the RFC) and then passes them to the CGI binary." This module can also be used to exploit the plesk 0day disclosed by kingcope and exploited in the wild on June 2013.

One of the best ways to improve your skills as a hacker is to learn to combine different avenues of attack to achieve success. What if it were possible to get a victim to connect to our machine and execute a chosen payload on our behalf? This is indeed possible with the almighty Metasploit and the aid of a technique known as command injection.

Metasploit contains a useful module that hosts a payload on a server created on the attacking machine. The web delivery script is run once the target machine connects to the server and the payload is then executed. This module is versatile as it can target Python, Powershell, and PHP applications.

The web delivery scripts primary advantage is stealth. The server and payload are both hosted on the attacking machine, so when the exploit is carried out, there is nothing written to disk on the target, making it less likely to trigger antivirus applications and other defenses.

Command injection is a type of attack in which arbitrary operating system commands are executed on the host via a vulnerable web application. Usually, this occurs when an application passes unsafe user input from a form to the server, but this can also happen with cookies, HTTP headers, and other sources of data.

This type of vulnerability is especially dangerous because of the intrinsic power of system commands. Depending on the level of privilege an application is running with, command injection can lead to an attacker owning an entire system.

Now we can navigate to the "Command Execution" page. For this attack to work, we have to ensure that the target application can communicate with our local machine. We can take advantage of the default functionality of this page to ping our attacking machine. Just enter the IP address and hit "submit."

After receiving a successful reply, the next thing we need to do is determine if this page is vulnerable to command injection. We can do so by appending an operating system command to the IP address we entered. Here, we will add the ls command with the && symbol and hit "submit" again.

We can see that the application responded with the contents of the current directory at the bottom, which means that a command injection vulnerability does indeed exist. We will take advantage of this to launch our web delivery script next.

We need to choose the appropriate target type, which, in this case, is PHP. Please note that for this module to work correctly, the target needs to be set before the payload is chosen. Type show targets to get a list of available options.

Now we can set the rest of our options. Perform each command as shown below in order. For set target, it's an ID from the list above. The set payload is the payload we're using, in this case, php/meterpreter/reverse_tcp. For set lhost, it's the listening host address. And for set lport, it's our listening port.

Finally, we are ready to launch the attack. Type run at the prompt to start the exploit. The server on our local machine will start. The last line provided by running the exploit, as seen below, is important because it shows the command that needs to be executed on the target system.

We can use the command injection vulnerability that we discovered earlier as an easy means of attacking. So copy the last line and append it to the IP address with && in the "Command Execution" page in DVWA, just like we did earlier when seeing if the page was vulnerable in the first place.

Now we can run Meterpreter commands like getuid and sysinfo to display information about the target machine. We can also drop into a shell by using the shell command.

From here, we can issue commands like whoami to view the current user, uname -a to display operating system information, and ps to see a list of running processes. By exploiting command injection in a vulnerable web application, we were able to execute our web delivery script and get a shell on the target without writing anything to disk.

In this tutorial, we learned a bit about command injection, Metasploit's web delivery script, and how to combine the two into an effective method of attack. Since this exploit avoids writing anything to disk, it increases the chances of success in evading antivirus solutions. In the world of security, there are often many creative ways to combine different techniques to achieve results, all you have to do is look.

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DLL injection is a technique which allows an attacker to run arbitrary code in the context of the address space of another process. If this process is running with excessive privileges then it could be abused by an attacker in order to execute malicious code in the form of a DLL file in order to elevate privileges.

There are various tools that can perform DLL injection but one of the most reliable is the Remote DLL Injector from SecurityXploded team which is using the CreateRemoteThread technique and it has the ability to inject DLL into ASLR enabled processes. The process ID and the path of the DLL are the two parameters that the tool needs:

If the DLL is successfully injected it will return back a meterpreter session with the privileges of the process. Therefore processes with higher privileges than the standard can be abused for privilege escalation.

Privilege escalation via DLL injection it is also possible with PowerSploit as well. The msfvenom can be used to generate the malicious DLL and then through the task manager the PID of the target process can be obtained. If the process is running as SYSTEM then the injected DLL will run with the same privileges as well and the elevation will be achieved.

The Metasploitable virtual machine is an intentionally vulnerable version of Ubuntu Linux designed for testing security tools and demonstrating common vulnerabilities. Version 2 of this virtual machine is available for download and ships with even more vulnerabilities than the original image. This virtual machine is compatible with VMWare, VirtualBox, and other common virtualization platforms. By default, Metasploitable's network interfaces are bound to the NAT and Host-only network adapters, and the image should never be exposed to a hostile network. (Note: A video tutorial on installing Metasploitable 2 is available here.)

This document outlines many of the security flaws in the Metasploitable 2 image. Currently missing is documentation on the web server and web application flaws as well as vulnerabilities that allow a local user to escalate to root privileges. This document will continue to expand over time as many of the less obvious flaws with this platform are detailed.

From our attack system (Linux, preferably something like Kali Linux), we will identify the open network services on this virtual machine using the Nmap Security Scanner. The following command line will scan all TCP ports on the Metasploitable 2 instance:

TCP ports 512, 513, and 514 are known as "r" services, and have been misconfigured to allow remote access from any host (a standard ".rhosts + +" situation). To take advantage of this, make sure the "rsh-client" client is installed (on Ubuntu), and run the following command as your local root user. If you are prompted for an SSH key, this means the rsh-client tools have not been installed and Ubuntu is defaulting to using SSH.

This is about as easy as it gets. The next service we should look at is the Network File System (NFS). NFS can be identified by probing port 2049 directly or asking the portmapper for a list of services. The example below using rpcinfo to identify NFS and showmount -e to determine that the "/" share (the root of the file system) is being exported. You will need the rpcbind and nfs-common Ubuntu packages to follow along.

Getting access to a system with a writeable filesystem like this is trivial. To do so (and because SSH is running), we will generate a new SSH key on our attacking system, mount the NFS export, and add our key to the root user account's authorized_keys file:

On port 21, Metasploitable2 runs vsftpd, a popular FTP server. This particular version contains a backdoor that was slipped into the source code by an unknown intruder. The backdoor was quickly identified and removed, but not before quite a few people downloaded it. If a username is sent that ends in the sequence :) [ a happy face ], the backdoored version will open a listening shell on port 6200. We can demonstrate this with telnet or use the Metasploit Framework module to automatically exploit it:

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