Battery life is affected by three things:
1. Excess heat generated during charging
2. Leaving batteries 'full' for an extended time
3. Deep discharge
#1 you can test by feeling your phone as it charges. If it gets much above
40C then there might be an impact on battery life.
#2 isn't affected by fast charging, merely by keeping your phone at 100% for
too long. Some phones have a setting where they will try to guess when you
remove your phone from the charger - eg if you plug in your phone at night
and always wake up at 7am, it'll slow charge to 80% overnight and then do
the top 20% from maybe 5 to 6am.
#3 is prevented by a cutoff circuit - ie when the phone says '0%' the cutoff
circuit activates but there's still some actual capacity remaining (might
be 5-10% reserve capacity).
However, most 'fast charging' isn't really that fast. Phones are shipping
with 30/40/50W chargers these days. A USB port that gives you 10W instead
of 2.5W isn't really 'fast' on that scale.
Theo