In the Beginning - the discovery that keeps all who have Insulinitis alive

[Pro-Humanist FREELOVER]

- - -

Excerpts [with inserts, not part of original article,
included in brackets - note that all confusing and
misleading diabetic / diabetes references have been
replaced with the superior updated new accurate clar-
ifying terms and descriptions in the title and in
the article which follows]:

- - -
March 2, 2016

[Insulinitis*] and the story of Insulin
http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=141327
- - -

History has given a special place to 'Marjorie', one
of the dogs used by Banting and Best in their ground-
breaking experiments on the isolation and purification
of insulin in the 1920s.

Marjorie is probably the most famous experimental animal
in history, only to be superseded by 'Dolly' the sheep
in recent years - the first mammal to be cloned from an
adult somatic cell.

Banting and Best showed their result to Macleod, who was
impressed, but he wanted more tests to prove that their
pancreatic extract really worked. For the increased test-
ing, Banting and Best realized that they required a larger
supply of organs than their dogs could provide, and they
started using pancreases from cattle.

With this new source, they managed to produce enough ex-
tract to keep several ... dogs [who had no insulin pro-
duction] alive. The new results convinced Macleod that
they were onto something big. He gave them more funds
and moved them to a better laboratory with proper work-
ing conditions. He also suggested they should call their
extract "insulin." Now, the work proceeded rapidly.

In late 1921, a third person, biochemist Bertram Collip
(1892 - 1965), joined the team. Collip was given the task
of trying to purify the insulin so that it would be clean
enough for testing on humans. During the intensified test-
ing, the team also realized that the process of shrinking
the pancreases had been unnecessary. Using whole fresh
pancreases from adult animals worked just as well.

Testing on Humans - The team was eager to start testing
on humans. But on whom should they test? Banting and Best
began by injecting themselves with the extract. They felt
weak and dizzy, but they were not harmed. Collip continued
his work to purify the insulin. In January 1922 in Toronto,
Canada, a 14-year-old boy, Leonard Thompson, was chosen as
the first person with [Insulinitis*] to receive insulin. The
test was a success.

Leonard, who before the insulin shots was near death, drift-
ing in and out of ... coma, rapidly regained his strength
and appetite. He lived for another 13 years. The team now
expanded their testing to other volunteers [individuals who
had Insulinitis*], who reacted just as positively as Leonard
to the insulin extract.

The Nobel Prize and its sequel - The news of the successful
treatment of [Insulinitis*] with insulin rapidly spread out-
side of Toronto, and in 1923 the Nobel Committee decided to
award Banting and Macleod the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine.

...

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for insulin has
been much debated. It has been questioned why Macleod re-
ceived the prize instead of Best and Collip. However, Mac-
leod played a central role in the discovery of insulin. It
was he who supported the project from the beginning. He super-
vised the work and it is also most likely that Macleod's con-
tacts in the scientific world helped the team in getting a
speedy recognition of their discovery.
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/insulin/discovery-insulin.html

...

"Each member of the team brought his unique talents to the
table. Banting provided the passion behind the project; with-
out him there would have been no impetus to search for insulin
in Toronto. Best was the stabilizing force in Banting's scien-
tific life, keeping him focused. Collip's expertise in biochem-
ical technology was the key to formulating a clinically useful
drug. Macleod had the sophistication to guide the research from
spark to clinical trial. It is impossible to isolate the most
important contributions.

...

Conclusion - A careful examination of history makes it clear that
each of the four scientists - Banting, Macleod, Collip, and Best -
had a specific role in the discovery of insulin. The supportive
role of the pharmaceutical companies should be also appreciated,
since they supplied the raw materials to keep the insulin project
afloat.

The work of each scientist alone was not sufficient and would not
have resulted in the discovery of insulin. The key was a combina-
tion of their work ...

- - - end excerpts - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

* See the following article for details on

- Insulinitis* (Islit),
- Latent Autoimmune Insulinitis* (LaIslit),
- PreCellosis (PreClos),
- Cellosis (Clos),
- Gestational Cellosis (GesClos),
- Diminosis (Dios),
- Neonatal Diminosis (NeoDios),
- Other High Glucose Conditions (Ohiglucons),
- Insipidus (Ins),
- Hypoglycemia Uncaused by Treatments for
High Glucose Conditions (Hut),

and details on the logic and reasoning behind the
effort to cease using diabetes / diabetic words
and phrases by changing to new names which clearly
differentiate between the disparate conditions:

Diabetes Bubble / Diabetes Bubble Burst
http://prohuman.net/diabetesbubblediabetesbubbleburst.htm

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - -
Pro-Humanist FREELOVER (I got Insulinitis*
at age 5 in March, 1961 -- I use a Dexcom
G4 Continuous Glucose Monitor -and- an
Omnipod Insulin Pump)

C.ure I.nsulinitis A.ssociation
http://prohuman.net/cureInsulinitis*association.htm
- - -









--
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[Pro-Humanist FREELOVER]

- - -

Follow-up: Inclusion of key parts of the article
in another link that appeared on the mentioned
website yesterday:

- - -

Excerpts [with inserts, not part of original article,
included in brackets - note that all confusing and
misleading diabetic / diabetes references have been
replaced with the superior updated new accurate clar-
ifying terms and descriptions in the title and in

the following]:

- - -
March 1, 2016

[Insulinitis*] and the story of Insulin

http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=141282
- - -

...

In this article I hope to deal with the history of the
disease and the discovery of insulin, which indeed is
a fascinating story.

...

The discovery of Insulin - During the nineteenth century,
observations of patients who died of [any of the High
Glucose Conditions, all of which were referred to as
diabetes at that time, and for close to 1,900 years
since the term was first used, despite the differences
in causality / treatment / risks conveying that differ-
ent diseases are involved - the two primary types first
mentioned in 1936, a third major type discovered in the
mid-1990s, other types discovered in the 20th and 21st
centuries] often showed that the pancreas was damaged.

In 1869, a German medical student, Paul Langerhans, found
that within the pancreatic tissue that produces digestive
juices there were clusters of cells whose function was
unknown. Some of these cells were eventually shown to be
the insulin-producing beta cells.

Later, in honour of the person who discovered them, the
cell clusters were named the islets of Langerhans.

In 1889 in Germany, physiologist Oskar Minkowski and phy-
sician Joseph von Mering, showed that if the pancreas was
removed from a dog, the animal got [Insulinitis*]. But
if the duct through which the pancreatic juices flow to
the intestine was ligated - surgically tied off so the
juices couldn't reach the intestine - the dog developed
minor digestive problems but not [Insulinitis*].

So it seemed that the pancreas must have at least two
functions:

o To produce digestive juices

o To produce a substance that regulates the blood glucose

This hypothetical internal secretion, which helped the
blood to absorb sugar, was the key. ... If this secreted
substance could actually be isolated, the mystery of
[Insulinitis*] would be solved. For the doctor, [Insulin-
itis*] was intensely frustrating for, though he knew what
was wrong, he had no idea how to set it right. Progress,
however, was slow.

In October 1920 in Toronto, Canada, Dr. Frederick Banting,
(1891- 1941), first began actively to study the disease. ...

Previous work had shown that tying the pancreatic duct in
dogs caused the rest of the pancreas to degenerate, remov-
ing the exocrine capacity of the gland, but left the islets
unaffected and did not produce [Insulinitis*].

By doing this, he surmised, cells thought to produce an anti-
[Insulinitis*] secretion could then be extracted from the
pancreas.

Early in 1921, Banting took his idea to Professor John Mac-
leod (1876-1935) at the University of Toronto, who was a
leading figure in the study of [the condition called dia-
betes at the time] in Canada. Macleod didn't think much of
Banting's theories. Despite this, Banting managed to con-
vince him that his idea was worth trying.

Macleod gave Banting a laboratory with a minimum of equip-
ment and ten dogs. Banting also got an assistant, a twenty-
one year old medical student by the name of Charles Best
(1899 -1978). The experiment was set to start in the summer
of 1921.

Banting and Best began their experiments by removing the
pancreas from a dog. It developed all the signs and symp-
toms of [Insulinitis*]. Experimenting on another dog,
Banting and Best surgically ligated the pancreas, so that
the pancreas degenerated.

After a while, they removed the pancreas, sliced it up,
and froze the pieces in a mixture of water and salts. When
the pieces were half frozen, they were ground up and fil-
tered. The isolated substance was named "isletin." The
extract was injected into the ... dog [which had no endo-
genous insulin production].

Its blood glucose level dropped, and it seemed healthier
and stronger. By giving the ... dog a few injections a
day, Banting and Best could keep it healthy and free of
symptoms.

- - - end excerpts - - -

- - -

expanded their testing to other volunteer [individuals who

had Insulinitis*], who reacted just as positively as Leonard
to the insulin extract.

The Nobel Prize and its sequel - The news of the successful
treatment of [Insulinitis*] with insulin rapidly spread out-
side of Toronto, and in 1923 the Nobel Committee decided to
award Banting and Macleod the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine.

...

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for insulin has
been much debated. It has been questioned why Macleod re-
ceived the prize instead of Best and Collip. However, Mac-
leod played a central role in the discovery of insulin. It
was he who supported the project from the beginning. He super-
vised the work and it is also most likely that Macleod's con-
tacts in the scientific world helped the team in getting a
speedy recognition of their discovery.
http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/insulin/discovery-insulin.html

Paradoxically, the story of the discovery of insulin is both
an example of team work as well as petty jealousies among pro-
fessionals. ...

"Each member of the team brought his unique talents to the
table. Banting provided the passion behind the project; with-
out him there would have been no impetus to search for insulin
in Toronto. Best was the stabilizing force in Banting's scien-
tific life, keeping him focused. Collip's expertise in biochem-
ical technology was the key to formulating a clinically useful
drug. Macleod had the sophistication to guide the research from
spark to clinical trial. It is impossible to isolate the most
important contributions.

...

Conclusion - A careful examination of history makes it clear
that each of the four scientists - Banting, Macleod, Collip,
and Best - had a specific role in the discovery of insulin.
The supportive role of the pharmaceutical companies should
be also appreciated, since they supplied the raw materials
to keep the insulin project afloat.

The work of each scientist alone was not sufficient and would
not have resulted in the discovery of insulin. The key was a

combination of their work ...

[Pro-Humanist FREELOVER]

- - -

Follow-up 2:

The article linked to in the previous post in
this thread, it gives a date of 150 AD for the
origin of the diabetes word. That's slightly
later than the approximate date mentioned in
the following article [with inserts, not part

of original article, included in brackets]:

- - -
April, 2002

History of diabetes mellitus [High Glucose
Conditions* and the use of the diabetes
word along with some of the treatments]
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11953758/
- - -

Clinical features similar to diabetes mellitus
were described 3000 years ago by the ancient
Egyptians.

The term "diabetes" was first coined by Araetus
of Cappodocia (81-133AD).

Later, the word mellitus (honey sweet) was added
by Thomas Willis (Britain) in 1675 after redis-
covering the sweetness of urine and blood of
patients (first noticed by the ancient Indians).

It was only in 1776 that Dobson (Britain) firstly
confirmed the presence of excess sugar in urine
and blood as a cause of their sweetness.

In modern time, the history of diabetes coincided
with the emergence of experimental medicine. An
important milestone in the history of diabetes is
the establishment of the role of the liver in gly-
cogenesis, and the concept that diabetes is due to
excess glucose production Claude Bernard (France)
in 1857.

The role of the pancreas in pathogenesis of diabetes
was discovered by Mering and Minkowski (Austria) in
1889.

Later, this discovery constituted the basis of
insulin isolation and clinical use by Banting and
Best (Canada) in 1921 [the critical creation saving
the lives of everyone with Insulinitis*, first widely
available in 1923].

Trials to prepare an orally administrated hypoglycemic
agent ended successfully by first marketing of tolbut-
amide and carbutamide in 1955 [to treat Cellosis*].

...

- - - end excerpt - - -

On 03 Mar 2016 09:54 AM ,

> expanded their testing to other volunteers [individuals who

> - Insulinitis (Islit),
> - Latent Autoimmune Insulinitis (LaIslit),