may day with heart
MichaelP
four hours - so this post is still timely. Still a chance to take the
MayDaY message to heart == as if you havn't already done so!!
They have'nt succeeded, yet, in bringing back involuntary servitude to the
whole world -- yes-yes I know that slavery is supposedly illegal - but
did you know that among the sweatshops of this world, sweatshops in
Eastern Russio ( Siberia to you) manage to find people to work for
nothing in exchange for food and shelter. And yes, the eploiters can't
hwlp themselves -- it's just natural for them to be unable/unwilling
to help others.
Michael
Please read on.
====
http://www.counterpunch.org/linebaugh04292006.html
April 29 / 30, 2006
Peter Linebaugh
COUNTERPUNCH April 29 / 30, 2006
By PETER LINEBAUGH
*Peter Linebaugh teaches history at the University of Toledo. He
is the author of two of CounterPunch's favorite books, The London Hanged
and (with Marcus Rediker) The Many-Headed Hydra: the Hidden History of the
Revolutionary Atlantic. His essay on the history of May Day is
included in Serpents in the Garden. He can be reached at:
pli...@yahoo.com
A STRIKE, A BOYCOTT, A HOLIDAY, A REFUSAL
MAY DAY WITH HEART
The moon and hours have revolved again, dear hearts, and May Day is
upon us. Spring has sprung as usual, though a strike, a boycott, a
holiday, a refusal--call it what you will--looms hopefully on Monday
morrow, and that is unusual. We'll wear white in solidarity with the
immigrant worker against rampant criminalization, against the
universal miserablism, the broken levees, the constant enclosures,
great walls, razor-wired borders, burning frontiers, and the
castrametation of the planet by the USA (as the Romans called the
science of military base construction).
I asked Massimo De Angelis, a family man, who went up to Gleneagles
last year to protest against the G-8, what to say on May Day. He
replied, as is his wont, as if he were a hobgoblin sitting on a
mushroom. He likes the mushroom because it is nocturnal, it may cause
dreams, and many of the fungi are not yet privatized. As for the
hobgoblin it is a country figure of tricks and mischief against the
masters. Plus, I know he likes Helen MacFarlane's translation of The
Communist Manifesto, "A frightful hobgoblin stalks throughout Europe."
"Well," the hobgoblin said to me, says he, "whatever you say, say it
with heart."
Very well, but James Green, the splendid labor historian, says that
after the terrible events in Chicago beginning on May Day 1886,
Americans suffered "a loss of heart." The labor historian tells us we
have lost precisely what the hobgoblin asks us to find.
How are we to resolve this dilemma? This year the answer must come
from the South. Eduardo Galeano, the historian from Uruguay, reminds us
of a simple etymology, that the word "record" as in the record of the
past, derives from Latin, to pass again through the heart
("cordis").
We cannot avoid the ache of history; its grief we feel in the gut. In
preparation for the May Day general strike (will it be general?) by the
undocumented workers we organize our banners (and Maypoles?), prepare
our slogans (open borders, troops home, no enclosures, health care for
all), hopefully many will try their hand at a manifesto, and we alert
our lawyer friends to prepare defense for the inevitable victims. It
is also essential to study our past, and to learn about our May Day. We
must study the record. It must pass through our heart again.
So, we take off the classics from the shelf, or make sure our local
library has them at hand Martin Duberman's fine novel on Haymarket,
Roediger and Rosemont's timeless scrapbook, the late Paul Avrich
stirring monograph, or the old CP classic on May Day by Philip Foner. To
these we now add James Green's just published Death in the
Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the
Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America (Pantheon Books, 2006). Go get
it! We need it for Monday and every May Day thereafter. The book is
trying to put some freedom back into history telling us that it could
have been otherwise. We call this human agency. The theory is something
like this. It's human history, we're humans, history is something we
make with our deeds and words. This is where free-will rubs up against
determinism. As soon as you put class into the theory it begins to make
sense: the ruling class is determined to exploit us, so naturally it
says that it can't help it - the steam hammer is stronger than John
Henry, you can't stand in the way of progress, and so on. That's the
determinism. On the other hand, the working-class will be free. We are
not cogs in a wheel; we have not forgotten the good old wooden shoe. We
do have choices. We will (for instance) wear a white t-shirt on May Day.
Human agency thus resolves itself into the struggle between the classes.
It never took any multicultural brilliance to discern that the actual
fundaments of the USA are threefold:
a) it was robbed from the indigenous peoples,
b) its swamps were drained, forests felled, and fields prepared
by African slaves, or
c) that the railroads, factories, mills, and mines were built
and run by immigrants from Europe and Asia.
The ruling class from Madison on forward knew its duty to keep these
three, if not fighting one another, then separated. Thus, radical
reconstruction came to an end in 1877 in New Orleans beginning that
period of Afro-American history called "the Nadir"; the plains Indians
were destroyed in 1877 taking the death of Crazy Horse for a symbol of the
destruction, and the third, in a word, death at Haymarket.
The Cuban poet, JoseMarti, lived in exile in New York at the time and
wrote brilliantly on the Haymarket martyrs. Although "the
disagreements and rivalries of the races already arguing about
supremacy in this part of the continent, might have stood in the way of
the immediate formation of a formidable labor party with identical methods
and purposes, the common denominator of pain has accelerated the
concerted action of all who suffer." Here is heart as a political
principle.
James Green recovers forgotten dreams, that one, for instance which
tied Abraham Lincoln to the cooperative commonwealth. The great
sacrifices included the death of Lincoln whose funeral catafalque came
through tens of thousands of mourners in Chicago on May Day 1865,
amidst a light drizzle of rain. America could become a cooperative
commonwealth instead of a competitive camp of capitalism. William
Sylvis, Andrew Cameron, and Ira Steward [linebaughhydra.jpg]
maintained continuity in the north after the Civil War. William
Sylvis rebuilt the Molders' Union, foundry workers at the farm reaper
works of McCormick. They were the industrial vanguard by 1865. Andrew
Cameron was a Scottish Chartist, and an editor in Chicago of the
Workingman's Advocate whose idea was that production should be for use,
not profit. Ira Steward, an abolitionist and machinist from
Massachusetts, established the Eight-Hour Leagues in 1866, on 2 May of
that year in Chicago. A year later the first eight-hour law took
effect on May Day, passed by the Illinois legislature and signed by
Richard Oglesby, governor and friend of Abraham Lincoln, the
rail-splitter. Q.E.D.
What happened in 1886? The context was this. The imperialists had
divided up Africa the year before. " accumulating mansions and
factories on the one hand, and wretched masses of people on the
other," is how Marti painted the background. Otherwise, the founding of
the American Federation of Labor by the cigar maker Samuel Gompers, riots
in Seattle against Chinese laborers, the capture of Geronimo, the gold
rush to Witwatersrand in South Africa, Gottlieb Daimler perfected the
internal combustion engine, Das Kapital was published in English, the
French Impressionist pointillist canvas Sunday Afternoon on the Island
of La Grande Jatte is displayed and was designed to erase thoroughly
the visual memories of the Paris Commune and la semaine sanglante.
Despite boom and bust of the trade cycle, despite unemployment, union
workers "began to anticipate their own emancipation from the endless
workday and growing tyranny of wage labor." The Noble and Holy Order of
the Knights of Labor, they called themselves, mystical and with a moral
code of chivalry and generous manhood. The motto of the Knights was One
for All, and All for One." From squalor they proposed nobility. An
1877 circular read,
"Working men of Chicago! Have you no rights? No ambition? No
Manhood? Will you remain disunited while your masters rob you of your
rights and the fruits of your labor? For the sake of our wives and
children and our own self-respect, LET US WAIT NO LONGER! ORGANIZE AT
ONCE!"
The freight handlers struck, the upholsterers struck, the lumber
shovers went on strike. 400 seamstresses left work in joyous mood. A
storm of strikes swept Chicago, on the First of May 1886. The great
refusal, Jim Green calls it. It was a new kind of labor movement that
"pulled in immigrants and common laborers." Irish, Bohemian, German,
French, Czech, Scots, English, to name a few. Socialist Sunday
Schools, brass bands, choirs, little theatres,' saloons there was a
working-class culture in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune (6 May 1886)
hated it and compared the immigrants to zoological nightmares. It
demanded deportation of "ungrateful hyenas" or "slavic wolves" and
"wild beasts" and the Bohemian women who "acted like tigresses."
In the spring of 1886 strikes appeared everywhere in industrial
centers; called the Great Upheaval agitating for shorter hours. Of
course they were against mechanization of labor, against the
exploitation of child labor, opposed to the convict lease system of
labor, and opposed to contract labor. The anthem of the Knights of
Labor was the "Eight-Hour Song,"
We want to feel the sunshine; We want to smell the flowers; We're sure God
has willed it. And we mean to have eight hours.
We're summoning our forces from Shipyard, shop and mill; Eight hours for
work, eight hours for rest, Eight hours for what we will.
Sam Fielden joined the International Working People's Association in
1884 after fifteen years hauling stone and digging ditches. His father was
a Lancashire handloom weaver and a ten-hour man. Sam was a
Methodist.
Thanksgiving Day of 1884 they had a poor people's march and Parsons
quoted from James (the brother of Jesus?) chapter five,
"Next a word to you who have great possessions. Weep and wail
over the miserable fate descending on you. Your riches have rotted; your
fine clothes are moth-eaten; your silver and gold have rusted away, and
the very rust will be evidence against you and consume your flesh like
fire. You have piled up wealth in an age that is near its close. The
wages you never paid to the men who mowed your fields are loud
against you, and the outcry of the reapers has reached the ears of the
Lord of Hosts. You have lived on earth in wanton luxury, fattening
yourselves like cattle and the day for slaughter has come. You have
condemned the innocent and murdered him; he offers no resistance."
What a remarkable prophecy! The Sioux Wars removed the people of the
Plains, the U.S. Cavalry thundered up and down, murdering Indians, and
lathering the land with blood, while the mechanical reaper shaved the
grasses. When historians speak of "the open frontier," it means the
Indians were wiped out. This is the genocide which led to the
agricultural depression in Europe, produced by the mechanical reaper
scalping the prairie. No, the reapers were not paid.
Fast Food Nation perhaps may not yet have been up to speed yet the
starting gun had been fired. Swift and Armour were the big
meatpackers: they organized the mechanization of death, the machines of
mass slaughter of cattle and swine. The Union Stock Yards had just been
constructed. The employers threatened to employ "the whole machinery
of government," including the army, "to enforce the laws of the market."
Mechanization indeed was taking command.
On May Day 1886 as the workers of the USA struck for the eight-hour
day, the police shot and killed four strikers at the McCormick works.
August Spies issued the flyer, calling the workers to rise, to arms, for
revenge. On the 4 May strikes resumed, now joined by union
switchmen, laundry girls, even students from some of the schools.
At the Haymarket, tons of hay and bushels of vegetables were brought in
from the Dutch truck farms. Transportation was by horse power. Indeed,
then horses were part of the working class, as Jason Hribal has provoked
us to thinking. Haymarket in Chicago in May 1886 was like Guernica in
Spain in 1937 when the Condor Legion wiped it out by bombing: that
is to say it was a busy, crowded market, ideal for terrorism.
The weather changed, the moonlit sky suddenly turned dark, as a cloud
blew over, just preceding the blast. The police advanced. A bomb was
thrown. In the melee a large number of police were wounded by
the
friendly fire from their own revolvers. Sam Fielden was shot in the
leg. Henry Spies took a bullet for his brother. Seven policemen fell. But
who threw the bomb? John Swinton, the most influential labor
journalist in the land, argued that the police themselves provoked the
violence to stop the strike movement for the eight hour day.
A period of police terrorism ensued. There were hundreds of arrests.
There were raids at meeting halls, saloons, and newspaper offices.
Captain Schaak put suspects into the sweatbox (small pitch dark wooden
container) for hours to make them talk. Albert Parsons fled to Mexico, it
was rumored, or was "hiding out among the negroes." That summer there
was a trial, conducted by passion, judged by bigotry. Green tells the
story with verve and drama. Witnesses were paid off. The jury consisted
of salesmen, clerks, a high school principal, well-off all.
Nina Van Zandt, the handsome Vassar graduate and heiress, made eyes at
August Spies during the trial. In the jailhouse, the love affair
developed. Spies told the court, "Here you will tread upon a spark, but
here, and there, and behind you and in front of you, and
everywhere, flames will blaze up. It is a subterranean fire. You
cannot put it out. The ground is on fire upon which you stand."
Michael Schwab defended anarchy saying it was the antithesis of
violence. Parsons charged the court with "judicial murder." He
explained socialism and anarchism. "I am doomed by you to suffer an
ignominious death because I am an outspoken enemy of coercion, of
privilege, of force, of authority. your every word and act are
recorded. You are being weighed in the balance. The people are
conscious of your power your stolen power. I, a working man, stand
here and to your face, in your stronghold of oppression, denounce your
crimes against humanity." Neebe was found guilty but punished with 15
years in the penitentiary. Louis Lingg killed himself. Fielden and
Schwab had their sentence commuted to life imprisonment. Albert
Parsons refused alcohol. He sang "La Marseillaise" and songs by Bobbie
Burns. August Spies newspaper editor of the Arbeiter Zeitung in 1884. On
August Spies had said, "The day will come when our silence will be more
powerful than the voices you are throttling today."
We are finding voice. Cindy Sheehan gives us voice. "Si se puede,"
gives us voice. The Chicago idea' was this: trade unions could take
mass action against capital and the state. This idea has been
disappeared or throttled. The magical realism of the ruling class
proclaims May Day to be Law Day (had they not heard of Ozymandias, or
Humpty Dumpty?) None died from a broken neck, all strangled to death,
slowly as it appeared to the witnesses, convulsing and twisting on the
rope.
That was 11 of November 1887.
James Green tells us that it was a turning point in American history. The
killing at the McCormick plant, the bombing at Haymarket, the court
proceedings, and the hanging of 11 November 1887 extinguished the Knights
of Labor, defeated the eight-hour movement, suppressed the radicals. The
Mary Magdalen, so to speak, of the suffering proletariat was Lucy Parsons,
widow of Albert, daughter of Mexico. She bore witness to subsequent
generations, and touching Mother Jones, Big Bill Haywood, Emma Goldman,
Clarence Darrow, Eugene Debs, with the principles of los mrtiri. Henry
Demarest Lloyd was silenced, then wrote Wealth Against Commonwealth, the
expose of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company, the first of the
muck-rakers.
Beneath the concameration of the Great Hall at Cooper Union in New
York City Samuel Gompers of the new American Federation of Labor
appealed against the death sentence. Instead fifty years of industrial
violence, and when workers, especially immigrants, found themselves at war
with their employers, the courts, the police, the armed forces. These
laid the "bone deep grudges" which Nelson Algren wrote about. James
Green concludes, "we are today living with the legacy of those long-ago
events."
The 151 foot Statue of Liberty was dedicated only two weeks before the
hangings in Chicago. Inscribed on its pedestal were the words of Emma
Lazarus
Give me your tired, your poor, Your huddled masses,
yearning to breathe free, The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.
Send
these, the homeless, tempest tossed, to me: I lift my lamp beside
the golden door.
John Pemberton, a pharmacist, who invented a medicine to relieve
headaches and alleviate nausea. It combines coca leaves from the Andes
with cola nuts from Africa, mixed with water, caramel, and sugar:
Coca-Cola, the Atlantic remedy for the ills of the barbarism of
capitalism.
Both William Morris in England and JoseMarti exiled from Cuba in
Manhatten likened the Chicago working class to a cornered animal.
William Morris wrote a death march for the funeral of Alfred Linnell, the
young man killed by the London police after the 13 November 1887
Trafalgar Square meeting and demonstration. It was two days after the
hanging at Haymarket. Alfred Linnell, lo!, will come knocking at the
gate, unbidden, insistent, calm, upright. The Harold Pinter moment.
What cometh here from west to east awending? And who are these,
the marchers stern and slow? We bear the message that the rich are sending
Aback to those who bade them wake and know. Not one, not one, nor
thousands must they slay, But one and all if they would dusk the day.
We asked them for a life of toilsome earning, They bade us bide
their leisure for our bread; We craved to speak to tell our woeful
learning: We come back speechless, bearing back our dead. Not one, not
one, nor thousands must they slay, But one and all if they would dusk the
day.
They will not learn; they have no ears to hearken.
They turn their faces from the eyes of fate;
Their gay-lit halls shut out the skies and darken.
But, lo! This dead man knocking at the gate Not one, not one, nor
thousands must they slay, But one and all if they would dusk the day.
He took it to the street: one week he is beaten up at Trafalgar
Square, another week a poor law clerk is murdered by police at
Trafalgar Square, and a third time in the streets, to sing this
lament. This is heart. With his bids and bides and bades, with the
awending and the woefuls, the man is searching for some kind of
language that has endurance, that is beneath the radar, off the grid, and
might be recognized by hobgoblins and coyotes.
Morris serialized The Dream of John Ball between November 1886 and
January 1887. The dates give us the clue, the Haymarket trials had
passed. The revolutionary attempt in Chicago had been preempted. The
Chicago idea had failed, temporarily at least. In these circumstances
Morris dove deep to middle ages, and ranged far, to Afro-America. In
that way he maintained his revolutionary commitment. He imagines
victory! "To dusk the day," means to win. "They" refers to the police,
employers, capitalists, and ruling class. Eloquence arises from
silence. He was reading aloud on the same day his own Dream of John
Ball and B'rer Rabbit. He is looking for a people's story told in the
people's language with the people's future: the opposite of the
official story, not at all the evasions institutional prose, nor the
commands of cogitation machines.
Prince Kropotkin at the Sunday lecture supper at the Hammersmith
socialist hall told the fable of the Russians and the Redskins. He
told this story rather than commit himself, one way or the other, to the
quarrelsome socialists and anarchists. The African American slave selects
a hero, "the weakest and most harmless of animals," Br'er Rabbit of
course, "and brings him out victorious in contests with the bear, the
wolf, and the fox." Not malice triumphs but mischievousness.
In 1887 Lord Acton wrote "Power tends to corrupt and absolute power
corrupts absolutely." U.S. wheat prices fell to 67 a bushel, England eats
bread from grains of North American plains, indirect consequence of
defeat of the Plains Indians and the McCormick workers. Jim Crow law
passed in Florida requiring racial segregation among railway
passengers.
Pablo Neruda, Jose Marti, even Walt Whitman had a big, hemispheric
conception of America: two continents, half the planet, yet united by the
German geographer Humboldt's Afro-America, a big S' New Orleans, Cuba,
Venezuela, and Brazil. What happens in one part effects the other
sugar, aluminum, gold, bananas, silver, copper, coffee, rum, pot and coke
yes, they are the products, the commodities, ripped from the bowels of the
earth. They're easier to recognize than the undergrounds of people,
whose migrations, sailings, tunneling have preserved the memory of los
martiri.
Jose Marti predicted that "the world's working class will revive them
[memories of the Haymarket martyrs] every First of May. That is still not
known, but Marti always writes as if hearing, where it is least
expected, the cry of a newborn child," wrote Galeano.
In Havana in 1887 the anarcho-syndicalists started a newspaper El
Productor which covered the Haymarket tragedy. On 1890 they prepared a May
Day Manifesto calling on Cubans to support the international
demonstration for the eight-hour day. The workers responded with a
unified, musical parade. Speeches calling for equal rights between
Blacks and Whites and called for the unity of all workers. The authors of
the May Day Manifesto were arrested and brought to trial. Their
acquittal was greeted by a huge demo.
May Day celebrated in Mexico in 1913. From then on Primero de Mayo
became a national holiday known as the Day of the Martyrs of Chicago.
Italy, France, Spain, Argentina, Cuba, Mexico. In 1903 Teddy Roosevelt
signed an immigration law denying entry into the US of anarchists,
paupers, prostitutes, and the insane.
Galeano celebrated the marriage of heart and mind. "From the moment we
enter school or church, education chops us into pieces: it teaches us to
divorce soul from body and mind from heart. The fishermen of the
Columbian coast must be learned doctors of ethics and morality, for
they invented the word sentipensante, feeling-thinking, to define
language that speaks the truth."
In Milan on the first international May Day (1890) a correspondent
wrote, "On this day laborers all over the world should feel the unity of
their class as a bond superior to all others" Is it possible to make
such a solidarity? Can heart be so large? On May Day 1894 Coxey's Army of
the Commonweal, arrived in Washington to lobby for the unemployed,
only to be arrested and imprisoned for walking on the grass. The
Wobblies or I.W.W. printed thousands of stickers, reading
I Won't Work More Than 8 hours After May 1st 1912 How about you ?
On May Day 1917 all Petrograd was en fete as the New York Times
reported and business was at a complete standstill. In Germany
meanwhile the Spartacus group leafleted, "Women workers! Male workers! The
last groans of our thousands of murdered brothers and sons, the sobs of
the wasted women and children call us forcibly and imperiously to the
red worker's May 1st demonstration, with the gleaming words: down with
the war! Up with people's brotherliness!" At the Metropolitan
Opera House in New York City on May Day 1925 garment workers raised
their voices to sing the "Internationale." Congress mandated the
eight-hour day in the Fair Labor Standards Act. 1886 to 1938 = fifty-two
years. In May Day of that year a march on the South Side of Chicago was
led by a float featuring a hooded man. In one direction of time,
August Spies; in another direction of time, Abu Ghraib.
Galeano visited Chicago but his exploration of Haymarket was
fruitless, instead he found an old poster at a bookstore displaying the
African proverb, "Until the lions have their own historians,
histories of the hunt will glorify the hunter." The hunter had put in
1889 a statue of a policeman at Haymarket. The Weathermen blew up the
police monument on 6 October 1969 and then again in 1970.
The urbanocide of Katrina, the castrametation of Iraq, the devaluation of
the working class, the absolute rule of the petrolarchs have
produced gut-wrenching grief and sorrow. Our head spins and spins in the
dizzy search for cause-and-effect, searching the origin of this twisted,
agonizing karma.
Half way between the gut and the head lies the heart. The heart and
soul of our movement may be found on May Day and it's going to take our
arms and legs to find them as well as our brains. So, let us join the
hobgoblin.
Take heart with Death in the Haymarket in hand!
All out for May Day!
SOURCES CONSULTED
Nelson Algren, Chicago: City on the Make (1951, and reprinted by
University of Chicago, 2001)
Massimo De Angelis, www.thecommoner.org.uk
Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, 1984)
Martin Duberman, Haymarket: A Novel (Seven Stories Press: New York,
2003)
Philip Foner's May Day: A Short History of the International Workers'
Holiday, 1886-1986 (International Publishers: New York, 1986)
Eduardo Galeano, Memory of Fire, ii, Faces and Masks, translated by
Cedric Belfrage (Quartet, 1987)
Eduardo Galeano, The Book of Embraces, translated by Cedric Belfrage and
Mark Schafer (W.W. Norton,: New York, 1991)
James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First
Labor Movement, and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America
(Pantheon Books, 2006)
Joel Chandler Harris, Uncle Remus: His Songs and Sayings (1880)
Rayford Logan, The Negro in American Life and Thought: The Nadir,
1877-1901
Fiona MacCarthy, William Morris: A Life for Our Time (Knopf, New York,
1995)
Deborah Shnookal and Mirta Muiz (eds.), JoseMarti Reader: Writings on
the Americas (Ocean Press: New York, 1999)
David Roediger and Franklin Rosemont, Haymarket Scrapbook (Charles H.
Kerr, Chicago 1986)
E.P. Thompson, William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary (1955, 1977)