Alright, that is the problem then. For some reason, VirtualBox gives MINIX3 the host side's DNS server address without checking whether that address can actually be reached from within the VM. In this case, it obviously can not: packets addressed to 127.0.1.1 will never leave the VM. The last person who had this problem was able to solve it using the settings change described here:
https://www.virtualbox.org/manual/ch09.html#nat-adv-dnsCould you please try this as well? If it does not work, it is still possible to change /etc files on the MINIX3 side, but this solution is a bit cleaner.
Regards,
David