Aseparate study I conducted of newspaper coverage in the wake of the 2016 election found that about a third of news stories and op-eds argued that Clinton lost because of her focus on identity politics.
Supply chains across industries are going through an unprecedented global disruption in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic which has shuttered airports, seaports and hampered the movement of goods and people around the world.
A wake , funeral reception[1] or visitation is a social gathering associated with death, held before a funeral. Traditionally, a wake involves family and friends keeping watch over the body of the dead person, usually in the home of the deceased. Some wakes are held at a funeral home or another convenient location. The wake or the viewing of the body is a part of death rituals in many cultures. It allows one last interaction with the dead, providing a time for the living to express their thoughts and feelings with the deceased.[2] It highlights the idea that the loss is borne by the whole community and is a way of honoring the deceased member.[3] The emotional tone of a wake is sometimes seen as more positive than a funeral due to the socially supportive atmosphere and the focus on the life rather than the death of the deceased.[4]
The term originally referred to a late-night prayer vigil but is now mostly used for the social interactions accompanying a funeral. While the modern usage of the verb wake is "become or stay alert", a wake for the dead harks back to the vigil, "watch" or "guard" of earlier times. It is a misconception that people at a wake are waiting in case the deceased should "wake up".[5]
The term wake was originally used to denote a prayer vigil, often an annual event held on the feast day of the saint to whom a parish church was dedicated.[6] Over time the association with prayer has become less important, although not lost completely,[7] and in many countries a wake is now mostly associated with the social interactions accompanying a funeral.[5]
The wake (Irish: trramh, faire) is a key part of the death customs of Ireland; it is an important phase in the separation of the dead from the world of the living and transition to the world of the dead.[8] Typically lasting one or two days, it is a continuous watch kept over the dead by family and friends, usually in their own home, before burial.[8] Shane McCorristine writes that the original purposes of an Irish wake were to honour the dead, to celebrate their life, to ensure that death had really occurred, to guard the body from evil, and to placate their soul.[9]
Shortly after death, the body is usually prepared and placed in a coffin at a funeral home, then brought to the dead person's home for the wake, which is now referred to as the 'wake house'. Historically, the body was usually washed, groomed and clothed in a white shroud at their own home by local wise women.[8] Traditionally, windows of a wake house are left open to let the soul leave the room, mirrors are covered or turned around, clocks are stopped, and household pets are kept out for the duration of the wake.[8] It is also customary for candles to be kept lit.[9]
Relatives and friends are expected to visit to pay respects to the dead and to their family, who in turn provide hospitality.[8] At intervals, a collective prayer might be said; for Catholics usually the Rosary.[8] Traditionally there is food and drink, as well as storytelling, music, singing and dancing.[8] Historically, wakes were important social gatherings for the young, who sometimes partook in rowdier amusements and courtship.[8] Patricia Lysaght says the traditional revelry at wakes can be seen as a way of reasserting the life of the community in the face of death.[8] However, when a death is particularly tragic, or that of a child, the wake is more private and mournful.[9]
Historically, keening was performed at the wake by a group of women who sat around the body. It was a poetic lament for the dead, addressed directly to the dead person. A leading keening woman (bean chaointe) chanted verses and led a choral death wail, in which the other keeners joined while swaying rhythmically. Sometimes professional keeners were hired to fulfill this obligation to the dead. Lysaght writes, "This communal lamentation is often described as having a cathartic effect on family and community members present".[8]
Historically, there was a custom in Wales to store the coffin in the home until the funeral.[10] Friends and neighbours would volunteer for the ritual of gwylio'r corff ('watching the body'). The wake, known as gwylnos was held the night preceding the funeral and was a time of merriment.
After the three-century rule of the Spaniards in the Philippines, came the American occupation. American culture and influence started to find a place in a Philippine context by using various mediums, specifically the use of free trade. In this trading for and with the American market, a co-dependence between America and the Philippines was established.[11] Another medium of cultural assimilation from America was their implementation of their education system during the first decade of their occupation, all in which showing more prevalent effects in the political and cultural development of the Filipinos.[12] With the then-new educational system, young Filipinos were taught different American cultural devices such as their songs, values and ideals, and their subsequent assimilation of many of their traditions.[12] All these factors brought about by America allowed for a heterogeneous assimilation between the two distinct cultures that resulted in a unique outcome of specific American influence forming a distinct Filipino image. From here, this is a rich source to understand the nation in its present situation and its historical context.[13]
As theories of bereavement have evolved, so too have evidence-based interventions to mitigate complications in post-loss adaptation. This article reviews one line of programmatic research grounded in a conceptualisation of grieving as an attempt to reaffirm or reconstruct a world of meaning challenged by loss. Anchored in therapeutic encounters with the bereaved, a meaning reconstruction approach to loss has grown over the past 15 years to generate an increasingly substantial research base, as well as to develop and refine a wide array of contributions to psychological assessment and therapy. By summarising the major models, measures and methods resulting from this collaborative work, it offers an introduction to meaning reconstruction for those unfamiliar with it, noting its contributions to date, its areas of future development, and its relevance for clinical practice.
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A funeral is more formal than a wake and is typically led by a funeral celebrant or religious figure. A funeral also follows a particular order of service and may be guided by religious rites and rituals. In contrast, a wake is more casual and focuses on the mourners coming together and remembering the life of the person who died.
Family and friends will share memories of the person who has died, and generally celebrate the life of their loved one. Some bereaved families will choose to organise an event for the mourners to participate in, perhaps planting a memorial tree. Any mourners who were unable to make the funeral service may attend the wake, including young children. Food and drink is often served.
Unless a close family member of the deceased asks you to bring something in particular, maybe a food dish if there is no catering, you just need to bring yourself. Some attendees will bring a card to give to the bereaved family.
A wake will usually follow on from the funeral, either in the same location or one nearby, so you will likely stay in the same clothes you wore to the service. For more information on what to wear to a funeral, see our guide.
This will depend on the preferences of the person who has died and their surviving family. A wake is a good time for mourners to gather together in a less formal setting than a funeral service, which is why many people choose to have one.
I have been a professor of Organizational Behavior for over 20 years, and I must say that one of the most rewarding things about my job is keeping track of my students after they've graduated. Since so many of my former students were M.B.A. students, it's especially interesting to see how their career trajectories progress after B-school. The course I teach, "Organizational Behavior," is not always the most popular course in the curriculum. Often, students chalk up the lessons to "common sense" and are more interested in learning financial, operations and marketing techniques which they think represent skills more critical to their career success. But when they come back to me one year, two years or five years later, they often mention that the biggest challenges they face are human-oriented. Thus, while I (and my lessons) may be less appreciated in the moment, I am redeemed by these comments later on. When my students return to campus for a visit or to recruit for their companies, I often have the opportunity to chat with them over coffee, lunch or dinner. These are among the moments that are most meaningful to me in my job.
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