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The Greenhouse Gas Equivalencies Calculator uses the AVoided Emissions and geneRation Tool (AVERT) U.S. national weighted average CO2 marginal emission rate to convert reductions of kilowatt-hours into avoided units of carbon dioxide emissions.
Most users of the Equivalencies Calculator who seek equivalencies for electricity-related emissions want to know equivalencies for emissions reductions from energy efficiency (EE) or renewable energy (RE) programs. Calculating the emission impacts of EE and RE on the electricity grid requires estimating the amount of fossil-fired generation and emissions being displaced by EE and RE. A marginal emission factor is the best representation to estimate which fossil-fired units EE/RE are displacing across the fossil fleet. EE and RE programs are not generally assumed to affect baseload power plants that run all the time, but rather marginal power plants that are brought online as necessary to meet demand. Therefore, AVERT provides a national marginal emission factor for the Equivalencies Calculator.
This calculation is intended for users who would like to know the equivalencies associated with greenhouse gas emissions associated with electricity consumed, not reduced. This is a national average emissions factor.
In the preamble to the joint EPA/Department of Transportation rulemaking on May 7, 2010 that established the initial National Program fuel economy standards for model years 2012-2016, the agencies stated that they had agreed to use a common conversion factor of 8,887 grams of CO2 emissions per gallon of gasoline consumed (Federal Register 2010). For reference, to obtain the number of grams of CO2 emitted per gallon of gasoline combusted, the heat content of the fuel per gallon can be multiplied by the kg CO2 per heat content of the fuel.
In the preamble to the joint EPA/Department of Transportation rulemaking on May 7, 2010 that established the initial National Program fuel economy standards for model years 2012-2016, the agencies stated that they had agreed to use a common conversion factor of 10,180 grams of CO2 emissions per gallon of diesel consumed (Federal Register 2010). For reference, to obtain the number of grams of CO2 emitted per gallon of diesel combusted, the heat content of the fuel per gallon can be multiplied by the kg CO2 per heat content of the fuel.
In 2021, the ratio of carbon dioxide emissions to total greenhouse gas emissions (including carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, all expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents) for gasoline passenger vehicles was 0.993 (EPA 2023b).
To determine annual greenhouse gas emissions per passenger vehicle, the following methodology was used: VMT was divided by average gas mileage to determine gallons of gasoline consumed per vehicle per year. Gallons of gasoline consumed was multiplied by carbon dioxide per gallon of gasoline to determine carbon dioxide emitted per vehicle per year. Carbon dioxide emissions were then divided by the ratio of carbon dioxide emissions to total vehicle greenhouse gas emissions to account for vehicle methane and nitrous oxide emissions.
Electric passenger vehicles are defined as all-electric vehicles that are full-sized, sold in the United States, and are capable of achieving a speed of 60 mph.
The weighted average combined electric efficiency of U.S. electric vehicles sales from 2019 and earlier is 3.60 miles per kWh (DOE 2023). The average vehicle miles traveled (VMT) in 2021 was 10,746 miles per year and is assumed to be the same for electric cars (FHWA 2023). The amount of carbon dioxide equivalent emitted per MWh is 857.0 pounds (EPA 2023).
To determine annual greenhouse gas emissions per all-electric passenger vehicle, the following methodology was used: VMT was divided by the average miles per kWh to determine kWh consumed per vehicle per year. Then, kWh consumed were converted to MWh consumed by multiplying the ratio of MWh to kWh. Electricity consumed was multiplied by pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent per MWh to determine carbon dioxide equivalent emitted per vehicle per year. Carbon dioxide emissions were then converted from pounds to metric tons by multiplying by the ratio of metric tons to pounds.
To determine annual greenhouse gas emissions per mile, the following methodology was used: carbon dioxide emissions per gallon of gasoline were divided by the average fuel economy of vehicles to determine carbon dioxide emitted per mile traveled by a typical passenger vehicle. Carbon dioxide emissions were then divided by the ratio of carbon dioxide emissions to total vehicle greenhouse gas emissions to account for vehicle methane and nitrous oxide emissions.
Carbon dioxide emissions per therm are determined by converting million British thermal units (mmbtu) to therms, then multiplying the carbon coefficient times the fraction oxidized times the ratio of the molecular weight of carbon dioxide to carbon (44/12).
Note: When using this equivalency, please keep in mind that it represents the CO2 equivalency of CO2 released for natural gas burned as a fuel, not natural gas released to the atmosphere. Direct methane emissions released to the atmosphere (without burning) are about 28 times more powerful than CO2 in terms of their warming effect on the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide emissions per barrel of crude oil are determined by multiplying heat content times the carbon coefficient times the fraction oxidized times the ratio of the molecular weight of carbon dioxide to that of carbon (44/12).
Total home electricity, natural gas, distillate fuel oil, and propane consumption figures were converted from their various units to metric tons of CO2 and added together to obtain total CO2 emissions per home.
A medium growth coniferous or deciduous tree, planted in an urban setting and allowed to grow for 10 years, sequesters 23.2 and 38.0 lbs of carbon, respectively. These estimates are based on the following assumptions:
The estimates of carbon sequestered by coniferous and deciduous trees were then weighted by the percent share of coniferous versus deciduous trees in cities across the United States. Of a sample of approximately 11,000 coniferous and deciduous trees in seventeen major U.S. cities, approximately 11 percent and 89 percent of sampled trees were coniferous and deciduous, respectively (McPherson et al. 2016). Therefore, the weighted average carbon sequestered by a medium growth coniferous or deciduous tree, planted in an urban setting and allowed to grow for 10 years, is 36.4 lbs of carbon per tree.
Growing forests accumulate and store carbon. Through the process of photosynthesis, trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere and store it as cellulose, lignin, and other compounds. The rate of accumulation of carbon in a forested landscape is equal to overall tree growth minus removals (i.e., harvest for the production of paper and wood and tree loss from natural disturbances) minus decomposition. In most U.S. forests, growth exceeds removals and decomposition, so the amount of carbon stored nationally in forested lands is increasing overall, though at a decreasing rate.
Step 2: Determine the annual net change in carbon stocks (i.e., sequestration) per area by dividing the carbon stock change in U.S. forests from Step 1 by the total area of U.S. forests remaining in forests in year t (i.e., the area of land that did not change land-use categories between the time periods).
These values include carbon in the five forest pools: aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, dead wood, litter, and soil organic and mineral carbon, and are based on state-level Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. Forest carbon stocks and carbon stock change are based on the stock difference methodology and algorithms described by Smith, Heath, and Nichols (2010).
The averaged reference soil carbon stock (for high-activity clay, low-activity clay, sandy soils, and histosols for all climate regions in the United States) is 40.83 metric tons C/hectare (EPA 2022). Carbon stock change in soils is time-dependent, with a default time period for transition between equilibrium soil carbon values of 20 years for soils in cropland systems (IPCC 2006). Consequently, it is assumed that the change in equilibrium soil carbon will be annualized over 20 years to represent the annual flux in mineral and organic soils.
The annual change in emissions from one hectare of drained organic soils can be calculated as the difference between the emission factors for forest soils and development soils. The emission factors for drained organic soil on temperate forestland are 2.60 metric tons C/hectare/year and 0.31 metric tons C/hectare/year (EPA 2022, IPCC 2014), and the average emission factor for drained organic soil on development for all climate regions is 13.17 metric tons C/hectare/year (EPA 2022).
The IPCC (2006) Guidelines assume that all deadwood and litter carbon are lost in conversion to development and do not subsequently accumulate, hence the carbon stocks for these pools after conversion is assumed to be 0 (IPCC 2006).
CConversion =initial change in carbon stocks in biomass on land converted to another land-use category. The sum of the carbon stocks in aboveground, belowground, dead wood, and litter biomass (-91.29 metric tons C/hectare). Immediately after conversion from forestland to development, the carbon stock of aboveground biomass is assumed to be zero, as the land is cleared of all vegetation for development)
To estimate CO2 not emitted when an acre of forest is preserved from conversion to development, multiply the number of acres of forest not converted by -155.92 mt CO2/acre/year. Note that this represents CO2 avoided in the year of conversion. Please also note that this calculation method assumes that all of the forest biomass is oxidized during clearing (i.e., none of the burned biomass remains as charcoal or ash) and does not include any carbon stored in harvested wood products post-harvest. Also note that this estimate includes both mineral soil and organic soil carbon stocks.
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