Engineering Mechanics Statics And Dynamics
Latisha Gervase
This document provides an overview and summary of the 14th edition of the textbook "Statics and Dynamics" by R.C. Hibbeler. Some key details:- The book covers engineering mechanics topics of statics and dynamics. - New features in this edition include preliminary problems, expanded important points sections, rewritten text material, and end-of-chapter review problems with solutions provided. - Over 60 new or updated photos are included to demonstrate real-world applications of the principles. - The book emphasizes drawing free-body diagrams and provides procedures for analyzing mechanical problems.- Homework problems cover a variety of topics and range from fundamental to design problems, with some suitable forRead less
Statics is the branch of classical mechanics that is concerned with the analysis of force and torque acting on a physical system that does not experience an acceleration, but rather is in equilibrium with its environment.
Force is the action of one body on another. A force is either a push or a pull, and it tends to move a body in the direction of its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its action, and by its point of application. Thus, force is a vector quantity, because its effect depends on the direction as well as on the magnitude of the action.[4]
Forces are classified as either contact or body forces. A contact force is produced by direct physical contact; an example is the force exerted on a body by a supporting surface. A body force is generated by virtue of the position of a body within a force field such as a gravitational, electric, or magnetic field and is independent of contact with any other body. An example of a body force is the weight of a body in the Earth's gravitational field.[5]
In addition to the tendency to move a body in the direction of its application, a force can also tend to rotate a body about an axis. The axis may be any line which neither intersects nor is parallel to the line of action of the force. This rotational tendency is known as moment of force (M). Moment is also referred to as torque.
The static equilibrium of a particle is an important concept in statics. A particle is in equilibrium only if the resultant of all forces acting on the particle is equal to zero. In a rectangular coordinate system the equilibrium equations can be represented by three scalar equations, where the sums of forces in all three directions are equal to zero. An engineering application of this concept is determining the tensions of up to three cables under load, for example the forces exerted on each cable of a hoist lifting an object or of guy wires restraining a hot air balloon to the ground.[7]
In classical mechanics, moment of inertia, also called mass moment, rotational inertia, polar moment of inertia of mass, or the angular mass, (SI units kgm) is a measure of an object's resistance to changes to its rotation. It is the inertia of a rotating body with respect to its rotation. The moment of inertia plays much the same role in rotational dynamics as mass does in linear dynamics, describing the relationship between angular momentum and angular velocity, torque and angular acceleration, and several other quantities. The symbols I and J are usually used to refer to the moment of inertia or polar moment of inertia.
While a simple scalar treatment of the moment of inertia suffices for many situations, a more advanced tensor treatment allows the analysis of such complicated systems as spinning tops and gyroscopic motion.
The concept was introduced by Leonhard Euler in his 1765 book Theoria motus corporum solidorum seu rigidorum; he discussed the moment of inertia and many related concepts, such as the principal axis of inertia.
Statics is used in the analysis of structures, for instance in architectural and structural engineering. Strength of materials is a related field of mechanics that relies heavily on the application of static equilibrium. A key concept is the center of gravity of a body at rest: it represents an imaginary point at which all the mass of a body resides. The position of the point relative to the foundations on which a body lies determines its stability in response to external forces. If the center of gravity exists outside the foundations, then the body is unstable because there is a torque acting: any small disturbance will cause the body to fall or topple. If the center of gravity exists within the foundations, the body is stable since no net torque acts on the body. If the center of gravity coincides with the foundations, then the body is said to be metastable.
Hydrostatics, also known as fluid statics, is the study of fluids at rest (i.e. in static equilibrium). The characteristic of any fluid at rest is that the force exerted on any particle of the fluid is the same at all points at the same depth (or altitude) within the fluid. If the net force is greater than zero the fluid will move in the direction of the resulting force. This concept was first formulated in a slightly extended form by French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal in 1647 and became known as Pascal's Law. It has many important applications in hydraulics. Archimedes, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Al-Khazini[8] and Galileo Galilei were also major figures in the development of hydrostatics.
"Using a whole body of mathematical methods (not only those inherited from the antique theory of ratios and infinitesimal techniques, but also the methods of the contemporary algebra and fine calculation techniques), Arabic scientists raised statics to a new, higher level. The classical results of Archimedes in the theory of the centre of gravity were generalized and applied to three-dimensional bodies, the theory of ponderable lever was founded and the 'science of gravity' was created and later further developed in medieval Europe. The phenomena of statics were studied by using the dynamic approach so that two trends - statics and dynamics - turned out to be inter-related within a single science, mechanics. The combination of the dynamic approach with Archimedean hydrostatics gave birth to a direction in science which may be called medieval hydrodynamics. [...] Numerous experimental methods were developed for determining the specific weight, which were based, in particular, on the theory of balances and weighing. The classical works of al-Biruni and al-Khazini may be considered the beginning of the application of experimental methods in medieval science."
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Gary L. Gray is an Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics in the Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Penn State in University Park, PA. He received a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering (cum laude) from Washington University in St. Louis, MO, an S.M. in Engineering Science from Harvard University, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. His primary research interests are in dynamical systems, dynamics of mechanical systems, mechanics education, and multi-scale methods for predicting continuum-level properties of materials from molecular calculations. For his contributions to mechanics education, he has been awarded the Outstanding and Premier Teaching Awards from the Penn State Engineering Society, the Outstanding New Mechanics Educator Award from the American Society for Engineering Education, the Learning Excellence Award from General Electric, and the Collaborative and Curricular Innovations Special Recognition Award from the Provost of Penn State. In addition to dynamics, he also teaches mechanics of materials, mechanical vibrations, numerical methods, advanced dynamics, and engineering mathematics.
Michael E. Plesha is a Professor of Engineering Mechanics in the Department of Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Professor Plesha received his B.S. from the University of Illinois-Chicago in structural engineering and materials, and his M.S. and Ph.D. from Northwestern University in structural engineering and applied mechanics. His primary research areas are computational mechanics, focusing on the development of fi nite element and discrete element methods for solving static and dynamic nonlinear problems, and the development of constitutive models for characterizing behavior of materials. Much of his work focuses on problems featuring contact, friction, and material interfaces. Applications include nanotribology, high temperature rheology of ceramic composite materials, modeling geomaterials including rock and soil, penetration mechanics, and modeling crack growth in structures. He is co-author of the book Concepts and Applications of Finite Element Analysis (with R. D. Cook, D. S. Malkus, and R. J. Witt). He teaches courses in statics, basic and advanced mechanics of materials, mechanical vibrations, and fi nite element methods.
Francesco Costanzo is an Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics in the Engineering Science and Mechanics Department at Penn State. He received the Laurea in Ingegneria Aeronautica from the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. After coming to the U.S. as a Fulbright scholar he received his Ph.D. in aerospace engineering from Texas A&M University. His primary research interest is the mathematical and numerical modeling of material behavior. He has focused on the theoretical and numerical characterization of dynamic fracture in materials subject to thermo-mechanical loading via the use of cohesive zone models and various fi nite element methods, including space-time formulations. His research has also focused on the development of multi-scale methods for predicting continuum-level material properties from molecular calculations, including the development of molecular dynamics methods for the determination of the stress-strain response of nonlinear elastic systems. In addition to scientifi c research, he has contributed to various projects for the advancement of mechanics education under the sponsorship of several organizations, including the National Science Foundation. For his contributions, he has received various awards, including the 1998 and the 2003 GE Learning Excellence Awards, and the 1999 ASEE Outstanding New Mechanics Educator Award. In addition to teaching dynamics, he also teaches statics, mechanics of materials, continuum mechanics, and mathematical theory of elasticity.
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