H Vaporization

[Tadeo Lentz]

Vaporizationor vaporisation) of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor.[1] There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, where as boiling is a bulk phenomenon.

Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor (a state of substance below critical temperature) that occurs at temperatures below the boiling temperature at a given pressure. Evaporation occurs on the surface. Evaporation only occurs when the partial pressure of vapor of a substance is less than the equilibrium vapor pressure. For example, due to constantly decreasing pressures, vapor pumped out of a solution will eventually leave behind a cryogenic liquid.

Boiling is also a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase, but boiling is the formation of vapor as bubbles of vapor below the surface of the liquid. Boiling occurs when the equilibrium vapor pressure of the substance is greater than or equal to the atmospheric pressure. The temperature at which boiling occurs is the boiling temperature, or boiling point. The boiling point varies with the pressure of the environment.

The term vaporization has also been used in a colloquial or hyperbolic way to refer to the physical destruction of an object that is exposed to intense heat or explosive force, where the object is actually blasted into small pieces rather than literally converted to gaseous form. Examples of this usage include the "vaporization" of the uninhabited Marshall Island of Elugelab in the 1952 Ivy Mike thermonuclear test.[2] Many other examples can be found throughout the various MythBusters episodes that have involved explosives, chief among them being Cement Mix-Up, where they "vaporized" a cement truck with ANFO.[3]

At the moment of a large enough meteor or comet impact, bolide detonation, a nuclear fission, thermonuclear fusion, or theoretical antimatter weapon detonation, a flux of so many gamma ray, x-ray, ultraviolet, visual light and heat photons strikes matter in a such brief amount of time (a great number of high-energy photons, many overlapping in the same physical space) that all molecules lose their atomic bonds and "fly apart". All atoms lose their electron shells and become positively charged ions, in turn emitting photons of a slightly lower energy than they had absorbed. All such matter becomes a gas of nuclei and electrons which rise into the air due to the extremely high temperature or bond to each other as they cool. The matter vaporized this way is immediately a plasma in a state of maximum entropy and this state steadily reduces via the factor of passing time due to natural processes in the biosphere and the effects of physics at normal temperatures and pressures.

A similar process occurs during ultrashort pulse laser ablation, where the high flux of incoming electromagnetic radiation strips the target material's surface of electrons, leaving positively charged atoms which undergo a coulomb explosion.[4]

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Photons have many advantages for vaporizing condensed systems, and laser vaporization sources have a flexibility not available with other methods. These sources are applied to making thin films in the well-known technique of pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The vaporized material may be further processed through a pulsed secondary gas, lending the source additional degrees of freedom. Such pulsed-gas sources have long been exploited for fundamental studies, and they are very promising for film deposition, as an alternative to chemical vapor deposition or molecular beam epitaxy. The authors outline the fundamental physics involved and go on to discuss recent experimental findings.

HORIBA has vaporization solutions ranging from fractional grams/minute to >25g/min. As a solutions provider, we can not only recommend vaporization components like our VC and MV series but we can also provide a fully integrated system like our LSC / LU. By using our world-leading gas and liquid mass flow controllers and meters in conjunction with our vaporizers, users are assured accurate and repeatable vaporization of critical process chemistries.

Vaporization systems that use the injection method sequentially carry out steps 1, 2 and 3 listed above. The VC series units measure the liquid flow of the liquid source using a mass flow meter, and do not use a carrier gas. The MI/MV series units use a mass flow meter for measurement, and feature a mass flow controller that introduces a carrier gas into the unit to vaporize the liquid source.

This vaporization method is used in the MI/MV series. Since the pressure of the carrier gas is higher ahead of the nozzle inside the injector, it can be heated efficiently. The liquid source and the heated carrier gas are mixed together in the gas/liquid mixing area just before the nozzle, the pressure is reduced as they pass through the nozzle, which vaporizes the mixture.

Vaporization efficiency is higher than with traditional vaporization methods. When this method is used, larger flows can be generated, and the generation temperature can be reduced.

In semiconductor devices, which continue to require greater integration and detail, a variety of liquid sources are used to accentuate the characteristics of the films created. HORIBA STEC offers vaporization systems that are optimized to make the most of the characteristics of the various liquid sources used in today's cutting-edge processes.

Ambient gas density and fuel vaporization effects on the penetration and dispersion of diesel sprays were examined over a gas density range spanning nearly two orders of magnitude. This range included gas densities more than a factor of two higher than top-dead-center conditions in current technology heavy-duty diesel engines.The results show that ambient gas density has a significantly larger effect on spray penetration and a smaller effect on spray dispersion than has been previously reported. The increased dependence of penetration on gas density is shown to be the result of gas density effects on dispersion. In addition, the results show that vaporization decreases penetration and dispersion by as much as 20% relative to non-vaporizing sprays; however, the effects of vaporization decrease with increasing gas density.Characteristic penetration time and length scales are presented that include a dispersion term that accounts for the increased dependence of penetration on ambient density. These penetration time and length scales collapse the penetration data obtained over the entire range of conditions examined in the experiment into two distinct non-dimensional penetration curves: one for the non-vaporizing conditions and one for the vaporizing conditions. Comparison of the two non-dimensional penetration curves to a theoretical penetration correlation for non-vaporizing sprays helped isolate and explain the effects of droplets and vaporization on penetration. The theoretical penetration correlation was derived using the penetration time and length scales and a simple model for a non-vaporizing spray that has been previously presented in the literature. The correlation is in good agreement with the non-vaporizing data from this experiment and other commonly quoted penetration data sets. It also provides a potential explanation for much of scatter in the penetration predicted by various correlations in the literature.

The HF Vaporization electrode for plasma vaporization is a bipolar instrument designed and intended for use in urological surgical procedures involving vaporization, ablation, coagulation, cutting, removal of soft tissue and coagulation where hemostasis is required. The specific soft tissue indications include: Use in the prostate, bladder, and bladder neck. The specific treatment indications include benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), bladder cancer, tumors, lesions, and neoplasms. The specific urological indications include Transurethral Electro vaporization (TUVP), (TVP), (TUEVP) also known as Transurethral Vapor Resection of the prostate (TUVRP), Transurethral Vaporization in Saline (TUVis). These devices are intended to be used in an irrigated environment. These devices are not intended to be used in treating cancer of the prostate.

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Sold in boxes of 6 electrodes.

Designed to fit the Olympus bipolar WA22366A active and the WA22367A passive working elements.

Use with Olympus PK Superpulse, Olympus UES-40 or ESG-400 generator systems.

Plasma Disc is a registered trademark of Omnitech Systems Inc.

Vaporization is a phase transition from the liquid phase to gas phase. A vaporizer therefore, is any system that converts a liquid material to a gaseous state. While vaporization is achieved in a number of different ways, all modern vaporizers - such as water vaporizers - have several common characteristics::

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Materials and methods: A total of 80 patients with a large prostatic adenoma were randomly assigned to surgical treatment with holmium laser enucleation or photoselective vaporization. International Prostate Symptom Score, International Index of Erectile Function-15, maximum flow rate, post-void residual urine, serum prostate specific antigen and transrectal ultrasound volume were recorded.

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