Building And Structural Surveying N6 Textbook Pdf

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BuildingSurveys has been a trusted guide for both students and professionals for nearly 40 years, evolving throughout its nine editions to address the challenges and responsibilities of the building surveying role. It covers everything needed for initial inspections such as equipment, know-how and procedures to writing an accurate report, making it indispensable to those practising in or studying this field.

All the structural aspects of property surveying are explained, covering foundations, walls and roofs as well as what to look out for and how to deal with problems. Materials and techniques no longer in use are covered as well as new technologies, so the reader is prepared for anything they might encounter. Legal considerations and recent cases are also used to illustrate good working practice, making this an extremely practical companion to the subject.

1. Organization. 2. House Surveys. 3. Foundations. 4. Walls. 5. Floors. 6. Roofs and Chimneys. 7. Joinery and Woodwork. 8. Finishes and Surfaces. 9. Services. 10. Modern Methods of Construction and the Drive for Green Homes. 11. Grenfell and the Cladding Crisis. 12. The Report. 13. Traffic Light and Other Pro Forma Reports. 14. Reports on Non-residential Buildings. 15. Reports on Flats and Apartments. 16. New Buildings and Buildings Under Construction. 17. Reports on Older Buildings. 18. Reports on Leasehold Properties. 19. Reports on Prospective Mortagees. 20. A Typical Building Survey Report. 21. Legal Considerations. 22. Dilapidations. 23. Conservation and the Surveyor. 24. The Surveyor as Expert Witness.

These are a few of the courses you will take in this program. Courses and the recommended sequence change from year to year; once you are enrolled in a program at CVTC you will be given a recommended course sequence that outlines what courses you should take and the order in which to take them.

You may search for available courses. If you are ever unsure of what courses to take, talk to your academic advisor. If you are looking for course information for previous years, check out our past catalogs.

Architectural Drafting I

This course provides instruction in commercial architectural drafting with emphasis placed on drafting techniques; plan layout; and drafting of details, plans, elevations, and sections.

Structural Drafting I

Students make steel erection plans, anchor rod plans, and detailed shop fabrication drawings of structural steel beams and columns with special emphasis placed on the design of bolted and welded structural steel connections.

Architectural Drafting II

This course simulates a working architectural drafting room, and a unique design is developed by the student for a two story commercial building.

Consequently, a building will redistribute weight because of stiffness variation from the sinking columns, which adversely affects the other columns. Analysis of a simple moment frame confirmed that the bending moments would increase 20% to 35% for a 1-inch deflection, and deflections will dramatically increase to 3 to 4 inches at a single column line.

Over time, the support of a structure will change due to varying soil conditions, moisture levels, mild earthquakes, and possible landslide conditions. These factors are not part of our conventional wisdom as structural engineers because we are never taught that this may happen. It is completely outside of our envelope of expectation.

Therefore, Figure 1 from our structural textbooks is not reality but instead is more like Figure 2A. Each base support in two-dimensional space has three degrees of freedom (DOF) and can displace in two dimensions, plus rotate in-plane. Each DOF has a stiffness coefficient. Figure 2B illustrates three dimensions where the structure has six DOFs: three linear elastic springs and three rotational springs. The concept of multi-degree of freedom systems is usually part of graduate school structural engineering degree programs, but these principles are still usually introduced only for the understanding of the superstructure in conventional structural analysis, but not foundation movement.

This basic structural redistribution of loads is observed in Figure 4A for a simple beam. As the vertical stiffness of Point B degrades, see Figure 4B, the load reaction at Point A will increase. The vertical loads will shift to the remaining support point as the stiffness degrades at the other reaction point.

Geotechnical reports will give an estimated long-term settlement, often in the range of -inch to 1-inch for firm soils, over the life of the structure. This is an estimation based on the soil conditions at the time of completion of the construction of the building. Therein lies the basic fallacy: soil conditions can change over time. During design, we assume that the moisture content and bearing capacity will not change over time, but they can. For example, seepage from a leaking water main or in-ground swimming pool will certainly affect the soil parameters. Over-watering from irrigation will affect the soil capacity. Dewatering on adjacent construction sites can lower the water table. These factors are not included in a soils report because the geotechnical engineer is not expected to forecast them, but these factors do occur in reality.

For simplicity, this paper examines a single-bay portal frame. A portal frame is a snapshot of a larger multi-story moment frame system and illustrates these concepts with a basic analysis where one support sinks. Modeling this with a portal frame allows an engineer to analytically determine reaction results when ground movement occurs at one side of the frame. Degrading soil stiffness results in shifting load and moments in the superstructure. Let us take this principle and apply it to a basic building frame system, as shown in Figure 5.

The dimensions were taken from the plans of a recently collapsed building and are for a one-story version of a garage structure. As Point D deflects downward, the deformed structure above shows the elastic curve and movement of Point B, with the assumption that Points A and C are stable for simplicity. In reality, we do not know if Point C is stable, but for this analysis, we will assume it is.

The moment redistribution and shifting of the reaction load is evident with a modest 1.28-inch deflection, see Figure 8. This affects and magnifies the moment values higher at Point A [N1] as Point D [N3] displaces further, and the moment at Joint B [N2] is increased. In principle, the structural theory is proven here that ground displacement will affect the moments, shears, and axial loads in the frame structure above. Similar conclusions will apply to other building types (i.e., shear wall structures, braced steel frames, concrete frames, wood frames, etc.).

Figure 10 is a 22-story steel high-rise that has areas of water damage in the subterranean parking area, as shown in Figure 11. Examination of the structural connections is one part of the investigation. Structural engineers are also investigating whether ground displacement has led to asymmetric moment distributions and amplified stresses in the moment frame joints.

Figure 12 shows a beam connection with deterioration that passed testing, but this is not sufficient to conclude if the structure has displaced vertically. A physical survey should be part of the investigation process.

The structural theory of stable foundations ought to be questioned based on recent and historical examples of settlement that have affected the structural distribution of loads. Structural engineers need to recognize these phenomena as potentially damaging, assess root causation, and address these concepts in standards, guidelines, and code provisions.

DISCLAIMER: The author, Dr. Khatri, is not part of any investigation team or research group funded by any entity. The examples cited here are for discussion only and do not suggest that these are established/proven conclusions for open cases. Dr. Khatri is a structural engineer with over 40 years of academic and professional experience and is not purporting to represent any structural opinions on open failure investigations, their designers, or causes of failure.

Dr. Khatri, Ph. D., S. E., is a consulting engineer and owner of Khatri International Inc., based in Las Vegas, NV and Arcadia, California. He has been a structural engineer for 41 years and is licensed across the USA, Canada, and Australia. He may be reached at (dkh...@aol.com).

DESCRIPTION: Introduction to the construction management major, career paths, industry sectors, campus resources, and tools for academic success. Information and skills necessary to succeed in the construction management major.

DESCRIPTION: Practice in construction document reading, interpretation, and analysis for quantity surveying and material quantity organizing using industry-recognized methods including, but not limited to, a project manual-based work breakdown structure.

DESCRIPTION: Equipment and methods used in heavy-highway, heavy-civil, and utility construction. Equipment and crew productivity. Equipment ownership and operating costs. Estimating, planning, and directing heavy construction operations.

DESCRIPTION: Construction contracts and clauses, stakeholder responsibilities, disputes, resolution methods, and risk. Utilization of construction administration documents, systems, and procedures to meet project requirements.

DESCRIPTION: Concrete material properties and behavior, analysis of concrete mixtures, advanced concrete applications for construction, forensic analysis of concrete reports, concrete construction quality assurance and quality control.

DESCRIPTION: Review and analysis of shop drawings and details for structural systems. Overview of cast-in-place and prestressed concrete systems. Design of structural wood systems, connections, and formwork for cast-in-place concrete.

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