Today I tried downloading standalone installs of those updates.
One died looking for netfx.msi and file info said it used installer
2.0??
KB2729450 died saying "None of the products that are addressed by this
SW are installed." (When in fact Framework 2.0 SP2 is installed!)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework
The .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software framework
developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It
includes a large library and provides language interoperability (each
language can use code written in other languages) across several
programming languages. Programs written for the .NET Framework execute
in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment),
known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual
machine that provides services such as security, memory management,
and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together
constitute the .NET Framework.
The .NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface, data
access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application
development, numeric algorithms, and network communications.
Programmers produce software by combining their own source code with
the .NET Framework and other libraries. The .NET Framework is intended
to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform.
Microsoft also produces an integrated development environment largely
for .NET software called Visual Studio.
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Design features
3 Architecture
3.1 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
3.2 Security
3.3 Class library
3.4 Memory management
4 Standardization and licensing
5 Criticism
6 References
7 External links
[edit] HistoryMain article: .NET Framework version history
The .NET Framework stack.Microsoft started development of the .NET
Framework in the late 1990s, originally under the name of Next
Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000 the first beta
versions of .NET 1.0 were released.[2]
Windows XP (including service packs) does not come with any version of
the .NET Framework installed.[3] Version 3.0 of the .NET Framework is
included with Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista. Version 3.5 is
included with Windows 7, and can also be installed on Windows XP and
the Windows Server 2003 family of operating systems.[4] On 12 April
2010, .NET Framework 4 was released alongside Visual Studio 2010.
The .NET Framework family also includes two versions for mobile or
embedded device use. A reduced version of the framework, the .NET
Compact Framework, is available on Windows CE platforms, including
Windows Mobile devices such as smartphones. Additionally, the .NET
Micro Framework is targeted at severely resource-constrained devices.
Version Version number Release date Visual Studio Distributed with
1.0 1.0.3705.0 02002-02-1313 February 2002 Visual Studio .NET Windows
XP Tablet and Media Center Editions[5]
1.1 1.1.4322.573 02003-04-2424 April 2003 Visual Studio .NET 2003
Windows Server 2003
2.0 2.0.50727.42 02005-11-077 November 2005 Visual Studio 2005 Windows
Server 2003 R2
3.0 3.0.4506.30 02006-11-066 November 2006 Windows Vista, Windows
Server 2008
3.5 3.5.21022.8 02007-11-1919 November 2007 Visual Studio 2008 Windows
7, Windows Server 2008 R2
4.0 4.0.30319.1 02010-04-1212 April 2010 Visual Studio 2010
4.5 4.5.50709 02012-08-1515 August 2012 Visual Studio 2012 Windows 8,
Windows Server 2012
[edit] Design featuresInteroperability
Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer
and older applications, the .NET Framework provides means to access
functionality implemented in newer and older programs that execute
outside the .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in
the System.Runtime.InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices
namespaces of the framework; access to other functionality is achieved
using the P/Invoke feature.
Common Language Runtime engine
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) serves as the execution engine of
the .NET Framework. All .NET programs execute under the supervision of
the CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and behaviors in the areas of
memory management, security, and exception handling.
Language independence
The .NET Framework introduces a Common Type System, or CTS. The CTS
specification defines all possible datatypes and programming
constructs supported by the CLR and how they may or may not interact
with each other conforming to the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
specification. Because of this feature, the .NET Framework supports
the exchange of types and object instances between libraries and
applications written using any conforming .NET language.
Base Class Library
The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class Library
(FCL), is a library of functionality available to all languages using
the .NET Framework. The BCL provides classes that encapsulate a number
of common functions, including file reading and writing, graphic
rendering, database interaction, XML document manipulation, and so on.
It consists of classes, interfaces of reusable types that integrates
with CLR(Common Language Runtime).
Simplified deployment
The .NET Framework includes design features and tools which help
manage the installation of computer software to ensure it does not
interfere with previously installed software, and it conforms to
security requirements.
Security
The design addresses some of the vulnerabilities, such as buffer
overflows, which have been exploited by malicious software.
Additionally, .NET provides a common security model for all
applications.
Portability
While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system
except Microsoft Windows, it has engineered the framework to be
platform-agnostic,[6] and cross-platform implementations are available
for other operating systems (see Silverlight and the Alternative
implementations section below). Microsoft submitted the specifications
for the Common Language Infrastructure (which includes the core class
libraries, Common Type System, and the Common Intermediate Language),
[7][8][9] the C# language,[10] and the C++/CLI language[11] to both
ECMA and the ISO, making them available as official standards. This
makes it possible for third parties to create compatible
implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.
[edit] Architecture
Visual overview of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)[edit]
Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)Main article: Common Language
Infrastructure
The purpose of the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) is to provide
a language-neutral platform for application development and execution,
including functions for Exception handling, Garbage Collection,
security, and interoperability. By implementing the core aspects of
the .NET Framework within the scope of the CL, this functionality will
not be tied to a single language but will be available across the many
languages supported by the framework. Microsoft's implementation of
the CLI is called the Common Language Runtime, or CLR.
Main article: Assembly (CLI)
The CIL code is housed in CLI assemblies. As mandated by the
specification, assemblies are stored in the Portable Executable (PE)
format, common on the Windows platform for all DLL and EXE files. The
assembly consists of one or more files, one of which must contain the
manifest, which has the metadata for the assembly. The complete name
of an assembly (not to be confused with the filename on disk) contains
its simple text name, version number, culture, and public key token.
Assemblies are considered equivalent if they share the same complete
name, excluding the revision of the version number. A private key can
also be used by the creator of the assembly for strong naming. The
public key token identifies which public key an assembly is signed
with. Only the creator of the keypair (typically the .NET developer
signing the assembly) can sign assemblies that have the same strong
name as a previous version assembly, since he is in possession of the
private key. Strong naming is required to add assemblies to the Global
Assembly Cache
[edit] Security.NET has its own security mechanism with 2 general
features: Code Access Security (CAS), and validation and verification.
Code Access Security is based on evidence that is associated with a
specific assembly. Typically the evidence is the source of the
assembly (whether it is installed on the local machine or has been
downloaded from the intranet or Internet). Code Access Security uses
evidence to determine the permissions granted to the code. Other code
can demand that calling code is granted a specified permission. The
demand causes the CLR to perform a call stack walk: every assembly of
each method in the call stack is checked for the required permission;
if any assembly is not granted the permission a security exception is
thrown.
[edit] Class libraryNamespaces in the BCL[12]
System
System.
System. Diagnostics
System. Globalization
System
System. Resources
System. Text
System.Runtime.Serialization
See also: Base Class Library and Framework Class Library
The .NET Framework includes a set of standard class libraries. The
class library is organized in a hierarchy of namespaces. Most of the
built-in APIs are part of either System.* or Microsoft.* namespaces.
These class libraries implement a large number of common functions,
such as file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database
interaction, and XML document manipulation, among others. The .NET
class libraries are available to all CLI compliant languages. The .NET
Framework class library is divided into two parts: the Base Class
Library and the Framework Class Library
The Base Class Library (BCL) includes a small subset of the entire
class library and is the core set of classes that serve as the basic
API of the Common Language Runtime.[12] The classes in mscorlib.dll
and some of the classes in System.dll and System.core.dll are
considered to be a part of the BCL. The BCL classes are available in
both .NET Framework as well as its alternative implementations
including .NET Compact Framework, Microsoft Silverlight and Mono.
The Framework Class Library (FCL) is a superset of the BCL classes and
refers to the entire class library that ships with .NET Framework. It
includes an expanded set of libraries, including Windows Forms,
ADO.NET,
ASP.NET, Language Integrated Query, Windows Presentation
Foundation, Windows Communication Foundation among others. The FCL is
much larger in scope than standard libraries for languages like C++,
and comparable in scope to the standard libraries of Java.
[edit] Memory managementThe .NET Framework CLR frees the developer
from the burden of managing memory (allocating and freeing up when
done); it handles memory management itself by detecting when memory
can be safely freed. Memory is allocated to instantiations of .NET
types (objects) from the managed heap, a pool of memory managed by the
CLR. As long as there exists a reference to an object, which might be
either a direct reference to an object or via a graph of objects, the
object is considered to be in use. When there is no reference to an
object, and it cannot be reached or used, it becomes garbage, eligible
for collection. NET Framework includes a garbage collector which runs
periodically, on a separate thread from the application's thread, that
enumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated
to them.
The .NET Garbage Collector (GC) is a non-deterministic, compacting,
mark-and-sweep garbage collector. The GC runs only when a certain
amount of memory has been used or there is enough pressure for memory
on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when the conditions to
reclaim memory are reached, the GC runs are non-deterministic.
Each .NET application has a set of roots, which are pointers to
objects on the managed heap (managed objects). These include
references to static objects and objects defined as local variables or
method parameters currently in scope, as well as objects referred to
by CPU registers.[13] When the GC runs, it pauses the application, and
for each object referred to in the root, it recursively enumerates all
the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them as
reachable. It uses CLI metadata and reflection to discover the objects
encapsulated by an object, and then recursively walk them. It then
enumerates all the objects on the heap (which were initially allocated
contiguously) using reflection. All objects not marked as reachable
are garbage.[13] This is the mark phase.[14] Since the memory held by
garbage is not of any consequence, it is considered free space.
However, this leaves chunks of free space between objects which were
initially contiguous. The objects are then compacted together to make
used memory contiguous again.[13][14] Any reference to an object
invalidated by moving the object is updated by the GC to reflect the
new location.[14] The application is resumed after the garbage
collection is over.
The GC used by .NET Framework is actually generational.[15] Objects
are assigned a generation; newly created objects belong to Generation
0. The objects that survive a garbage collection are tagged as
Generation 1, and the Generation 1 objects that survive another
collection are Generation 2 objects. The .NET Framework uses up to
Generation 2 objects.[15] Higher generation objects are garbage
collected less frequently than lower generation objects. This helps
increase the efficiency of garbage collection, as older objects tend
to have a longer lifetime than newer objects.[15] Thus, by removing
older (and thus more likely to survive a collection) objects from the
scope of a collection run, fewer objects need to be checked and
compacted.[15]
[edit] Standardization and licensingIn August 2000, Microsoft, Hewlett-
Packard, and Intel worked to standardize CLI and the C# programming
language. By December 2001, both were ratified ECMA standards (ECMA
335 and ECMA 334). ISO followed in April 2003 - the current version of
the ISO standards are ISO/IEC 23271:2012 and ISO/IEC 23270:2006.[16]
[17]
While Microsoft and their partners hold patents[citation needed] for
the CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patents essential to
implementation be made available under "reasonable and non-
discriminatory terms". In addition to meeting these terms, the
companies have agreed to make the patents available royalty-free.
[citation needed]
However, this does not apply for the part of the .NET Framework which
is not covered by the ECMA/ISO standard, which includes Windows Forms,
ADO.NET, and
ASP.NET. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may
deter non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.[18]
On 3 October 2007, Microsoft announced that much of the source code
for the .NET Framework Base Class Library (including
ASP.NET,
ADO.NET,
and Windows Presentation Foundation) was to have been made available
with the final release of Visual Studio 2008 towards the end of 2007
under the shared source Microsoft Reference License.[1] The source
code for other libraries including Windows Communication Foundation
(WCF), Windows Workflow Foundation (WF), and Language Integrated Query
(LINQ) were to be added in future releases. Being released under the
non-open source Microsoft Reference License means this source code is
made available for debugging purpose only, primarily to support
integrated debugging of the BCL in Visual Studio.
[edit] CriticismMore technical concerns and criticism relating to .NET
include:
The garbage-collector, which is integrated into the environment, can
introduce unanticipated delays of execution over which the developer
has little direct control, and it can cause runtime memory size to be
larger than expected. "In large applications, the number of objects
that the garbage collector needs to deal with can become very large,
which means it can take a very long time to visit and rearrange all of
them." [19]
Unobfuscated managed CIL bytecode can often be easier to reverse-
engineer than native code.[20][21] One concern is over possible loss
of trade secrets and the bypassing of license control mechanisms.
Since Visual Studio .NET (2002), Microsoft has included a tool to
obfuscate code (Dotfuscator Community Edition).[22]
Newer versions of the framework (3.5 and up) are not pre-installed in
versions of Windows below Windows 7 (although newer versions are
available via Windows Update). For this reason, applications must lead
users without the framework through a procedure to install it. Some
developers have expressed concerns about the large size of the .NET
Framework runtime installers for end-users. The size is around 54 MB
for .NET 3.0, 197 MB for .NET 3.5, and 250 MB for .NET 3.5 SP1 (while
using web installer the typical download for Windows XP is around 50
MB — for Windows Vista, 20 MB). The size issue is partially solved
with .NET 4 installer (x86 + x64) being 54 MB and not embedding full
runtime installation packages for previous versions. The .NET 3.5 SP1
full installation package includes the full runtime installation
packages for .NET 2.0 SP2 as well as .NET 3.0 SP2 for multiple
operating systems (Windows XP/Server 2003 and Windows Vista/Server
2008) and for multiple CPU architectures (x86, x86-64, and IA-64).
The first service pack for version 3.5 mitigates this concern by
offering a lighter-weight client-only subset of the .NET Framework.
Two significant limitations should be noted, though.[23] Firstly, the
client-only subset is only an option on an existing Windows XP SP2
system that currently has no other version of the .NET Framework
installed. In all other scenarios, the client-only installer will
install the full version of the .NET Framework 3.5 SP1. Secondly, the
client-only framework does not have a 64-bit option. However, the 4
release of the .NET Framework Client Profile will be available on all
operating systems and all architectures (excluding Itanium) supported
by the full .NET Framework.[24]
The .NET Framework currently does not provide support for calling
Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE) via managed code. However, Mono has
provided support for SIMD Extensions as of version 2.2 within the
Mono.Simd namespace; Mono's lead developer Miguel de Icaza has
expressed hope that this SIMD support will be adopted by the CLR ECMA
standard.[25] Streaming SIMD Extensions have been available in x86
CPUs since the introduction of the Pentium III. Some other
architectures such as ARM and MIPS also have SIMD extensions. In case
the CPU lacks support for those extensions, the instructions are
simulated in software.
While the standards that make up .NET are inherently cross-platform,
Microsoft's full implementation of .NET is only supported on Windows.
The Microsoft .NET Framework is the predominant implementation of .NET
technologies. Other implementations for parts of the framework exist.
Although the runtime engine is described by an ECMA/ISO specification,
other implementations of it may be encumbered by patent issues; ISO
standards may include the disclaimer, "Attention is drawn to the
possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the
subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for
identifying any or all such patent rights."[26] It is more difficult
to develop alternatives to the base class library (BCL), which is not
described by an open standard and may be subject to copyright
restrictions. Additionally, parts of the BCL have Windows-specific
functionality and behavior, so implementation on non-Windows platforms
can be problematic.
Some alternative implementations of parts of the framework are listed
here.
Microsoft's .NET Micro Framework is a .NET platform for extremely
resource-constrained devices. It includes a small version of the .NET
CLR and supports development in C# (though some developers were able
to use
VB.NET,[27] albeit with an amount of hacking, and with limited
functionalities) and debugging (in an emulator or on hardware), both
using Microsoft Visual Studio. It also features a subset of the .NET
base class libraries (about 70 classes with about 420 methods), a GUI
framework loosely based on Windows Presentation Foundation, and
additional libraries specific to embedded applications.
Mono is an implementation of the CLI and the .NET Base Class Library
(BCL), and provides additional functionality. It is dual-licensed
under free software and proprietary software licenses. It includes
support for
ASP.NET,
ADO.NET, and Windows Forms libraries for a wide
range of architectures and operating systems. It also includes C# and
VB.NET compilers.
Portable.NET (part of DotGNU) provides an implementation of the Common
Language Infrastructure (CLI), portions of the .NET Base Class Library
(BCL), and a C# compiler. It supports a variety of CPUs and operating
systems.
Microsoft's Shared Source Common Language Infrastructure is a non-free
implementation of the CLR component of the .NET Framework. However,
the last version only runs on Microsoft Windows XP SP2, and was not
updated since 2006, therefore it does not contain all features of
version 2.0 of the .NET Framework.
CrossNet[28] is an implementation of the CLI and portions of the .NET
Base Class Library (BCL). It is free software using the open source
MIT License.
[edit] References1.^ a b Scott Guthrie (3 October 2007). "Releasing
the Source Code for the NET Framework". Archived from the original on
07 September 2010.
http://web.archive.org/web/20100907233621/http://weblogs.asp.net/scottgu/archive/2007/10/03/releasing-the-source-code-for-the-net-framework-libraries.aspx.
Retrieved 15 September 2010.
2.^ "Framework Versions".
http://ben.skyiv.com/clrversion.html.
3.^ "Will the comming [sic] Windows XP SP3 include .Net framework 2.0
or higher?".
http://social.msdn.microsoft.com/Forums/en-US/netfxsetup/thread/1b81b7c7-cc43-41a3-9893-ca401bf19ccd/.
4.^ Microsoft. "Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5 Administrator Deployment
Guide".
http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/cc160717.aspx. Retrieved 26
June 2008.
5.^ ".NET Framework Service Pack 2".
http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/en/details.aspx?FamilyID=75b0bc1d-c26c-4bac-ac68-2b4d431cabb5&displaylang=en.
Retrieved 4 May 2011. "Windows XP Tablet Edition and Windows XP Media
Center Edition already contain .NET Framework 1.0 Service Pack 2."
6.^ "Scott Guthrie: Silverlight and the Cross-Platform CLR". Channel
9. 30 April 2007.
http://channel9.msdn.com/shows/Going+Deep/Scott-Guthrie-Silverlight-and-the-Cross-Platform-CLR.
7.^ "ECMA 335 - Standard ECMA-335 Common Language Infrastructure
(CLI)". ECMA. 1 June 2006. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080614092650/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-335.htm.
Retrieved 1 June 2008.
8.^ "ISO/IEC 23271:2006".
Standards.iso.org. 2006-09-29.
http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c042927_ISO_IEC_23271_2006(E)_Software.zip.
Retrieved 2012-04-17.
9.^ "Technical Report TR/84 Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) -
Information Derived from Partition IV XML File". ECMA. 1 June 2006.
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/techreports/E-TR-084.htm.
10.^ "ECMA-334 C# Language Specification". ECMA. 1 June 2006.
http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-334.htm.
11.^ "Standard ECMA-372 C++/CLI Language Specification". ECMA. 1
December 2005.
http://www.ecma-iointernational.org/publications/standards/Ecma-372.htm.
12.^ a b "Base Class Library".
http://msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/aa569603.aspx.
Retrieved 1 June 2008.
13.^ a b c "Garbage Collection: Automatic Memory Management in the
Microsoft .NET Framework". Archived from the original on 3 July 2007.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070703083608/http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/1100/GCI/.
Retrieved 1 June 2008.
14.^ a b c "Garbage collection in .NET". Archived from the original on
25 May 2008.
http://web.archive.org/web/20080525165023/http://www.csharphelp.com/archives2/archive297.html.
Retrieved 1 June 2008.
15.^ a b c d "Garbage Collection—Part 2: Automatic Memory Management
in the Microsoft .NET Framework". Archived from the original on 26
June 2007.
http://web.archive.org/web/20070626080134/http://msdn.microsoft.com/msdnmag/issues/1200/GCI2/default.aspx.
Retrieved 1 June 2008.
16.^ "ISO/IEC 23271:2012 Information technology - Common Language
Infrastructure (CLI)". Iso.org. 2012-02-13.
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=58046.
Retrieved 2012-04-17.
17.^ "ISO/IEC 23270:2006 - Information technology - Programming
languages - C#". Iso.org. 2012-01-26.
http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=42926.
Retrieved 2012-04-17.
18.^ "Microsoft's Empty Promise". Free Software Foundation. 16 July
2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.
http://www.fsf.org/news/2009-07-mscp-mono. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
"However, there are several libraries that are included with Mono, and
commonly used by applications like Tomboy, that are not required by
the standard. And just to be clear, we're not talking about Windows-
specific libraries like
ASP.NET and Windows Forms. Instead, we're
talking about libraries under the System namespace that provide common
functionality programmers expect in modern programming languages"
19.^ "Understanding Garbage Collection in .NET".
http://www.simple-talk.com/dotnet/.net-framework/understanding-garbage-collection-in-.net.
20.^ "Reverse Engineering Risk Assessment".
http://www.preemptive.com/images/documentation/Reverse_Engineering_Risk_Assessment.pdf.
21.^ Gartner, Inc. as reported in "Hype Cycle for Cyberthreats, 2006",
September 2006, Neil MacDonald; Amrit Williams, et al.
22.^ Dotfuscator Community Edition 4.0
23.^ "''.NET Framework Client Profile Deployment Scenarios''".
http://download.microsoft.com/download/5/a/a/5aa86d6c-969b-42d8-bc6b-30e02bfeccf0/NETFXClientProfile_DeploymentGuide.htm#_Toc205028507.
Retrieved 2012-04-17.
24.^ "'.NET Framework 4 Client Profile - Introduction'". Archived from
the original on 4 October 2009.
http://blogs.msdn.com/jgoldb/archive/2009/05/27/net-framework-4-client-profile-introduction.aspx.
Retrieved 2 October 2009.
25.^ "''Mono's SIMD Support: Making Mono safe for Gaming''".
Tirania.org. 2008-11-03.
http://tirania.org/blog/archive/2008/Nov-03.html.
Retrieved 2012-04-17.
26.^ ISO 9001:2008, Foreword
27.^ "Using
VB.NET with the .NET Micro Framework « /dev/mobile".
Christec.co.nz. 2008-04-01.
http://www.christec.co.nz/blog/archives/317.
Retrieved 2012-04-17.
28.^ "CrossNet". Codeplex.com.
http://www.codeplex.com/crossnet.
Retrieved 2012-04-17.
[edit] External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: .NET
Development Foundation
Wikiversity has learning materials about Introduction to
Microsoft.NET
.NET Framework Developer Center
.NET Framework 3.5 (MSDN)
.NET Framework 4.0 (MSDN)
.NET Framework 4.5 (Microsoft)
.NET Framework inheritance hierarchy chart