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<div>Citation: Letessier TB, Mouillot D, Bouchet PJ, Vigliola L, Fernandes MC, Thompson C, et al. (2019) Remote reefs and seamounts are the last refuges for marine predators across the Indo-Pacific. PLoS Biol 17(8): e3000366.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Proximity to market was the primary driver of shark abundance, explaining 20% of the variability (first; Fig 5A). The minimum distance from human markets that preserves shark abundance (1,250 km; Fig 5B) was equal to that which preserves large bodied individuals (1,250 km; Fig 4C), which demonstrates that body size and shark abundance are similarly sensitive to human exploitation. This is consistent with expectations since sharks are large individuals, meaning that body size and shark abundance are, therefore, to a certain degree related. However, this further suggests that the removal of sharks is unlikely to be functionally compensated by other large-bodied predators, as large-bodied individuals are likely to be similarly affected, with severe consequences on ecosystem functioning [9,33]. Areas beyond market influence were located near remote reefs and seamounts, in Rapa Iti in the Austral Islands (28 S, 142 W) and in the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) no-take MPA (6 S, 72 E; Fig 5D).</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>download predator 2018 sub indo</div><div></div><div>Download Zip: https://t.co/e3mpWVgX2X </div><div></div><div></div><div>We did not detect any positive influence of protection on any predator attribute. The deployment sites with the highest protection level (no-take and >1,000 km2) were all located inside the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) MPA. Although the BIOT MPA is both sufficiently remote and large (>1,250 km from human markets and 640,000 km2, respectively) to afford protection to mobile sharks [39,40] and tuna [41], this MPA lacks, at present, several of the key criteria previously identified as necessary for effective protection of predators [6]. Notably, BIOT does not classify as old (2 and 5 years old at the two times of sampling), and pressure from illegal, unreported, and unregulated fisheries (IUU) remains high. The combined effect of historical fisheries predating the MPA and ongoing IUU pressures are believed to have caused 21% and 93% declines in gray reef and silvertips sharks, respectively [42]. Since we did not observe shark abundance levels in BIOT higher than those in other areas remote from human markets (Fig 1E), such as in Rapa Iti, the BIOT MPA is certainly not sufficiently enforced to yield detectable increases in shark abundances. Small (</div><div></div><div></div><div>Protection may yet, in the future, enhance predator levels in BIOT (and in other large no-take MPAs), given adequate enforcement and sufficient time to enable population recovery [43]. Under these conditions, is protection coverage, as it currently stands, representative of the overall Indo-Pacific? We compared predicted values of predator attributes within partially protected MPAs or small no-take MPAs and within large (>1,000 km2) no-take MPAs, with values across the unprotected Indo-Pacific (Methods, Fig 6). Median values of vertebrate species richness within partially protected and small no-take MPAs and within large no-take MPAs were 66% and 90% of values in the unprotected Indo-Pacific, respectively (Fig 6A). Body size within partially protected MPAs or small no-take MPAs and within large no-take MPAs were 120% and 6% of unprotected Indo-Pacific median values (Fig 6B). Shark abundances within small MPAs and large no-take MPAs values were 106% and 44%, respectively, of unprotected Indo-Pacific median values (Fig 6C). At present, deep habitat is over-represented within large no-take MPAs (Fig 7). Although some habitats within large no-take MPAs are remote and are therefore refuges, they do not host enough hotspots of large individuals and sharks. Median values within large no-take MPAs are therefore low. Based on our evaluation, the predator attributes most sensitive to human pressures are therefore the least represented within large no-take MPAs. We found that many hotspots are currently left unprotected, notably shallow reefs that are not remote from human markets (Fig 7). The only MPA that included large individual and shark hotspots that were also refuges (by virtue of being remote from human markets) was the BIOT MPA (640,000 km2).</div><div></div><div></div><div>We used BRTs [22] to estimate the relative strengths of the effects of environmental conditions, geomorphology, and human pressures on the three predator attributes. BRTs can detect nonlinear relationships between response variables and their drivers, e.g., SST and species richness [17]. Further, BRTs are robust to codependencies amongst drivers, which are common in ecology. Codependencies can arise when the effect of a driver is conditional on another driver meeting a certain value. For example, the net effect of seamounts on predators aggregation is highly conditional upon regional frontal features and eddies [81]. Finally, BRTs are considered reasonably robust to collinearity, arising from correlated drivers. For example, the absence of human populations in the middle of the ocean renders distance to coast and distance to human population correlated in our data (r = 0.84).</div><div></div><div></div><div>We evaluated whether current protection levels were representative in providing cover for the hotspots of predator diversity and abundance. For each attribute, we determined the frequency distribution of values predicted to occur inside each protection category. The attribute values predicted under each protection levels were compared after rescaling the attribute values from 0 to 1 in order to allow for meaningful comparison between attributes.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The Indo-Pacific Tarpon is a widely distributed predator found throughout the coastal regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Although they can tolerate full marine conditions, they are more often found in fresh or brackish water habitats close to the coast. Juvenile fish are a uniform silver, but develop a distinctive red and black trim on the tail as they grow. As an open water swimmer and predator growing to a massive adult size, the Indo-Pacific Tarpon is suitable only for the largest home aquariums.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Abstract:Tillage can alter the soil habitats wherein many insect pests and their natural enemies reside during at least part of their life cycle. To enhance crop productivity and reduce climate change effects, conservation agriculture (CA) with reduced-tillage or no-tillage practices have been advocated to farmers. However, information relating to the effect of CA on insect pests and their natural enemies is very scarce, at least in the Indo-Gangetic region. In this study, the effect of tillage on the abundance of, and damage by, major insect pests (foliar aphids, root aphids, termites, and pink stem borer) and their natural enemies in wheat managed under three tillage practices, i.e., zero-till (ZT), reduced tillage (RT), and conventional tillage (CT) with (protected) and without (unprotected) insecticide protection scenarios, was investigated. Foliar aphid and termite numbers were lowest in the ZT-protected system, and highest in the CT-unprotected system. Pink stem borer damage was significantly higher in the ZT-unprotected system, whereas the root aphid number was maximum in the RT-unprotected system. The natural enemies of these four major insect pests of wheat showed variable trends under the studied tillage systems. The abundance and damage of these major insect pests showed a positive correlation with the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) and canopy temperature. The dynamics of the insect pests and their predators were driven by soil habitat-related changes (direct) as well as crop growth-related effects (indirect). A fine-tuning of insect-pest management tactics based on these relations would enhance the success of CA systems. Keywords: cereals; crop residues; soil manipulations; insect pest management; insecticide protection</div><div></div><div></div><div>The Congress asked the government why no meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) was held to decide on the predator drone procurement, and why higher prices were being paid for these drones.</div><div></div><div></div><div>The lionfish has few predators in the wild, thanks in part to the effectiveness of their venomous spines. This is particularly true among the Atlantic population, where lionfish are virtually free from predation.</div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div></div><div>Natural enemies are an important component of the agroecosystems, while studies on the diversity of natural enemies as pest control agents are also critical. This study aims to compare the biodiversity of parasitoids and predators in the cassava agroecosystem. The study was conducted using survey methods in three study areas: Bedoyo, Karangasem, and Kenteng villages, Gunungkidul district, Yogyakarta province, in Indonesia. Observation of natural enemies was conducted in three cassava cultivation sites for each study area. Samples of parasitoids and predators were collected using a sweep net and yellow pan traps. Results showed that the biodiversity of predators was higher than parasitoids in all the research locations. The community structure of insect parasitoid and predator also differed between research locations. The most abundant insect predator species found were ants (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Paratrechina longicornis and Nylanderia sp.) and coccinellid beetle Menochilus sexmaculatus.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Jakarta, CNBC Indonesia - Presiden Joko Widodo (Jokowi) mengatakan sempat mendapat laporan ada baju sangat murah yang dijual di laman e-commerce. Sehingga hal itu dinilai sudah melakukan predatory pricing atau atau praktik menjual barang di bawah harga pokok produksi.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Tigers are the top predators of their ecosystems, requiring extensive areas of safe habitat in which to roam and hunt. They are crucial to the overall health of forest ecosystems, keeping populations of prey species in check, which maintains a balance between the prey species and other herbivores and the plants that the Indochinese tigers need as prey to eat.</div><div></div><div></div><div>Tiger app and screensaver features *:nth-child(1) margin-bottom: 2px; .shortcode-rand-75 .section-title text-transform: none; "">Screensaver RequirementsWindows XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10 (32/64-bit screensaver)Sound CardSpeakers25 megabytes of disk space and 64MB RAM.Supports MP3, WAV, WMA and MID *:nth-child(1) margin-bottom: 2px; .shortcode-rand-82 .section-title text-transform: none; "">App RequirementsAndroid PhoneAndroid OSApp size: Varies with deviceContent Rating: EveryoneApp Permissions: Camera / Phone Buy it Now: App & Screensaver *$17.95 Instant Download Secure Payment EncryptionAd, malware, and spyware free!Once payment is made, you can download the screensaver and app immediately. The Android app can be downloaded directly from our website and includes a code to unlock the app. We have chosen not to include our app in the Google Play Store because of the very high fees Google charges.</div><div></div><div> df19127ead</div>